A Study in the Psychology of Religious Phenomena

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THE AMERICAN

Journal of Psychology

Founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1887.

VOL. VII. APRIL, 1896. No. 3.

A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF EELIGIOUS
PHENOMENA.

By James H. Leuba,

Fellow In Psychology, Clark University.

Introduction.

The passage from the standpoint of knowledge for knowl-
edge's sake, to that of knowledge for life's sake, expresses
one of the aspects of the widest movement of modern intel-
lectual evolution. Our age, and in particular the Anglo-
Saxon race, has gained the reputation of being intensely
practical. This tendency has a deeper philosophical mean-
ing than is generally recognized. As the child passes with
advancing years from actions having no objective end to
activities for definite results, in a like manner do nations
turn from the delusive grandeur of the knowledge for knowl-
edge's sake ideal to that of knowledge for life's sake, and
substitute the Gospel of Being and of Doing for that of
Knowing.

Intellectual pursuits have been powerfully stimulated
and their direction much altered by this great life-wave.
Until the beginning of our century the formal operations
of the mind and the framing of cosmological schemes were
the chief objects of philosophical meditation. Schopenhauer,
following in the steps of some predecessors, and reacting
against what we like to call static philosophy, brought us
face to face with the unconscious, the emotional, the striv-
ing forces of nature. Up to him philosophy was anatom-
ical; he made it physiological.

It is in psychology that we find this "practical"

310 LEUBA :

tendency working the most decisive changes. With the
increased interest in the impulsive, the instinctive, the
affective side of life in general, a number of new lines
of research, all having a close relation to life, have been
opened: Child study, the psychology of growth, of adoles-
cence, of sex; some branches of anthropology, psychi-
atry. And instead of standing aloof from life on barren
heights, modern psychology feeds on biology and on phys-
iology, and is the handmaid of pedagogy and of ethics.

There remains a domain in which psychological science has
not yet planted its standard : it has ignored the manifesta-
tions of religious life. Yet there are few questions engross-
ing so much the attention of our thinking world as that of
religion, and there are no spheres in which more powerful
creative forces are at work. 1 The fall of Christian orthodoxy
is accompanied with a recrudescence of religious fervor.
Neo-Christian movements are in progress in France 2 and in
Germany, and have long since begun to agitate England and
the United States. All over the civilized world men's hearts
and brains are in travail with a new Eevelation.

It is true that a great deal of historical and philosophical
work bearing on the religious problem has been done during
the past decades, but no researches, from the standpoint of
modern psychology, on the subjective phenomena of religious
life have appeared. Comparative studies of religions, histor-
ical accounts of their growth and development, investigations
into the contents of the religious consciousness, are valuable
contributions to our knowledge. They accomplish for religion
what would have been done for medicine, before dissection
was practiced, by historical researches, comparative expo-
sitions of the various notions and systems in vogue in differ-
ent countries, and the like ; all of which is very good and use-
ful ; but the essential work, the scientific work par excellence,
that was to give to medicine a solid foundation, was the
actual study of the body by means of scalpel and micro-
scope.

If religion has any reality, it must perforce express itself in
pyschic and physiological phenomena. The work of a true
Science of Religion, as we understand it, is to find out what
these subjective manifestations are, and then to treat them
as it would any other psychic fact. Neither the theories, nor
the external practices, rites or ceremonies, but the deeper

1 Consider the amount of life poured into the veins of humanity
by such men as Gautama, Jesus, St. Augustine, St. Francis of
Assisi, Luther, Wesley, Booth, and others.

2 For an account of the Neo-Christian Movement in France, see
the Am. Jour. Psych., Vol. V, pp. 496 ff.

PSYCHOLOGY OP RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 311

subjective realities experienced by the individual, constitute
the material out of which the New Revelation will issue.
Never mind the old and the new popular beliefs concerning
these realities, never mind the body of doctrines held by the sub-
ject of these experiences ; mind the subjective fact in itself.
To it science must apply its tools, for it is the essence of re-
ligious life. Aiter all, the questions which must be solved
are the following: What are the gifts in the hands of
Religion, and how can man become partaker of them f How
and by what in religion is life transformed and ennobled ?
How is man "born again"? These are the questions con-
fronting Science and Philanthropy alike.

We would not convey the impression that we hold in con-
tempt the labors of the eminent workers in the field of the
history and philosophy of Religion. We would only direct the
attention of those interested in this problem to another line
of research, and emphasize our conviction — which, we cannot
help thinking, will be shared by all those who have learned
the lesson given us by the history of the Natural Sciences, —
that its solution will come only from the scientific psychologi-
cal study of every one of the particular subjective manifesta-
tions of religious life.

Supposing that these several phenomena have been singled
out, and that, as far as our means permit, they have
been determined in their cause and in their nature, we should
possess in these theoretical results the elements of a science
of religion. The new creed would be born; the wings of
youth would no more be clipped in the spring of life by
a scholastic dogmatism ; and the soul-midwifery now ex-
tensively, but ignorantly, practiced by our revivalists and
pastors, could be based upon a positive knowledge of the psy-
chology of regeneration. " What a fantastic dream!" many
will exclaim. It must be admitted that the difficulties in the
way of such a task are serious, and that we are as yet far
distant from the goal ; nevertheless, that it is no Utopia, but
the sure conquest of a near future, is warranted by the recent
advances of psychology ; for, wherein do religious phenomena
essentially differ from some of those with which that science
is now dealing? The religious experiences named sense of
sin, repentance, remorse, aspirations toward holiness, regen-
eration (conversion), trust, faith, belong to the same class
as the affective problems novr under study, as, for instance,
the question of pain and pleasure, the relation of the feelings
to the intellect, the motor power of ideas, attention, effort,
etc. If they do not include the whole of religious life, the
facts we have mentioned constitute at least the essence of
Christian life ; for what reason should we pry into the latter

312 LEUBA :

and refrain from inquiring into the former ! The subjective
facts of religious life belong to psychology. It is the duty
and the privilege of that science to extend its beneficial
sceptre over this realm also. The time is particularly favor-
able for such an annexation ; the power that ruled during the
past centuries has grown senile, its authority is denied ; a
painful anarchy prevails. Let psychology accept the succes-
sion that falls to it by right.

Led by considerations, some of which are indicated in the
preceding pages, while others are to be mentioned in the fol-
lowing section, we have undertaken a study of the phenomenon
commonly called ''Conversion." We have chosen conversion
because of its striking and well delineated characteristics,
and on account of its paramount importance in religious
life. Moreover, material for the study could be collected
without too much difficulty. The reader may feel that
our choice has been presumptuous. However that may be,
it is with a painful feeling of its incompleteness and insuffi-
ciency that we send forth the following essay. Had it no
other value, it would at least be an indication of what might
be done in this department of psychology.

As a number of records of conversions has been appended,
we shall dispense with a description of the experience going
under that name.

We have limited our material to sudden and well marked
cases, for the reason that violent psychic phenomena, by their
very emphasis, bring to light what remains obscure in less
intense and slower events. In the main the conclusions
reached by the study of sudden conversions apply with equal
exactitude to slowly progressing regenerations.

The Religious Motive.

We are aware that many will be of the opinion that the
subject of our inquiry is an abnormal phenomenon, which
would not occur in a healthy and enlightened community ;
they will see in it mere idiosyncrasies extraneous to the main
current of life. That such an estimate ignores the true nature
of conversion will be made apparent, we hope, by the follow-
ing rapid glance at the evolution of religious conscious-
ness.

Eeligious philosophers have experienced perplexing
difficulties when they have attempted to extract from the
various known forms of religion, common characteristics
which could serve in the making of a definition of Eeligion.
Herbert Spencer finds the vital element of Religion in the
impulse of the human race to seek for first principles: —

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 313

Religions diametrically opposed in their overt dogmas, are
yet perfectly at one in the tacit conviction that the existence of
the world with all it contains and all which surrounds it, is a mys-
tery ever pressing for interpretation. On this point,'if on no other,

there is entire unanimity That this is the vital

element in all religions is further proved by the fact that it is the
element which not only survives every change, but grows more
distinct the more highly the religion is" developed.

So definition considering religion as a noetic impulse and
making it dependent upon particular conceptions, as that of
God, of soul, of spirit, of immortality, can possibly be ade-
quate. The essence of religion is a striving towards being,
not towards knowing. If Spencer, and the many philoso-
phers who think with him, were right, religion, purified of
superstitions, would be neither more nor less than philosophy
and science, and the natural culmination of the various forms
of religion could only be, as AugusteComte affirmed, Positive
Philosophy, following upon Metaphysics, itself the child of
Religion.

That which the term Religion embraced in early societies
was a complex product, made up of all the fundamental needs
and aspirations of men. It was an embryo containing poten-
tially several different parts and functions as yet undiffer-
entiated, and consequently going under a common name.
Thinkers of the opinion quoted above have followed the de-
velopment of one limb — of the head, if you please — and ignore
whatever else grew out of the embryo. The noetic impulse
was one of the elements contained in the primitive conglom-
erate, to be sure ; but not the only one, perhaps not even the
chief one. Auguste Comte's three stages correspond truly to
three links in the chain of evolution, but he failed to see that
at every link other links branched off. Positive philosophy
is the form assumed in our time by one of the germinating
elements contained in the primitive plasma known originally
as Religion ; the thirst for knowledge. But something else
issued forth from primitive Religion — a something essen-
tially different from a propensity to solve the riddle of the
universe. It is this other shoot which is to-day the vital
force of that which has inherited the name of religion. In
the remainder of this chapter we shall try to point out the
nature of that motive power. It is not yet completely differ-
entiated from the philosophical motive ; they are still blended
together in practice and in theory. However, theologies and
philosophies are being rapidly winnowed out by the blind
intelligence of growth, and religion will soon have assumed
an independent and definite figure clearly separated from the
latter.

The religion of the savage, roughly described, includes

314 LETJBA :

beliefs in spirits, good and bad, endowed with the power of
harming and prospering. It finds expression in emotions
of fear and of hope, of anger and of good will ; in rites and
ceremonies destined to please the spirits, with the expecta-
tion of direct returns, or prompted only by a desire for fel-
lowship. Let beliefs in spirits cease, and this form of re-
ligion is at an end. When the relation between man and the
Powers above assume a higher aspect, we rise to the Jewish
and Christian religions, for instance. Fear, which plays such
a preponderant role in primitive religions, as also in the
childhood of the individual, is replaced by love. God is now
pictured as a sympathetic Father, listening and answering,
never angered against His truly repentant children. He
stands at the door of the paternal mansion with outstretched
arms to receive the prodigal son. If the belief in a bene-
ficent personal divinity watching over the actions of men,
able and ready to answer prayers directly, is lost, this form
of religion also ceases to exist. Yet religion need not be
impaired. History has preserved a famous example of the in-
dependence of religious experience from those intellectual con-
cepts. Buddha Sakyamuni was a godless man, in the narrow
meaning given to the term God in Christian theology. He
discouraged formal prayer, for it ascended but to strike
against the adamantine vault of causal connection and to
come back in a mocking echo. Yet we recognize in him a
remarkably powerful and elevated religious nature. What
shall we say of the intellectual vanguard of our day? What
is the religion of the few bred in the atmosphere of intel-
lectual freedom and scientific thought, whose strong faith
in nature boldly discards the ragged garments inherited
from the past ? Such men, we venture to say, disavow
any fear referring to possible action of the divine power ;
they have no belief in an interfering Providence, and con-
sequently none in prayer ; responsibility they feel towards
none but themselves and those affected by their doings ; im-
mortality of the " Ego " they, possibly, cannot even hope
for ; adoration, worship, devotion, piety, in the common
acceptation, are incompatible with these negations ; out-
wardly they have no cult, return no thanks, and ask for noth-
ing from the Powers of the world, for they know them to be
deaf to such supplications and insensible to human thank-
fulness ; narrowly construed, these words have become dead
letter to them. Have these men passed beyond the religious
stage? Yes, if religion consists in the intellectual beliefs they
discard.

If we have in this essay insisted upon the absolute divorce
which must be recognized between intellectual beliefs and

PSYCHOLOGY OF BELIGIOTJS PHENOMENA. 315

religion, it is because in the rupture of this mischievous
identification lies one of the most pregnant practical con-
clusions which modern life can derive from psychological in-
vestigations in religious life. The most evanescent aspects
of religion are precisely its intellectual formulations, includ-
ing the idea of the soul, of the future life, of God, etc. ; and
the most exalted religious consciousness is consistent with the
negative intellectual creed sketched above.

These common conceptions — generally regarded as essential
— rejected or ignored, the religious sense remains, modified per-
haps but unweakened, in the feeling ofunwholeness, of moral
imperfection, of sin, to use the technical word, accompanied
by the yearning after the peace of unity. No intellectual
conviction can rob man of this subjective treasure. Its reality
transcends all possible belief concerning the origin and the
end of things, because, as we hope to show, it is the psychic
correspondent of a physiological growth, and consequently
can in no wise fail, except together with that growth. Around
this religious root, springing from it, or otherwise function-
ally related with it, cluster all the familiar religious feelings.
For instance, altruistic love is implied in the efforts to attain
unity of moral consciousness, for we learn in such experi-
ences that the " sacrifice of self" gives ease to the pain of
sin ; the failure of one's efforts to attain moral perfection
develops the sense of dependence, of subjection, which has
of late been made the centre of many definitions of religion.
He who has these feelings — which are rooted in the sense of
sinfulness — possesses the efficient essence of religion.

Herbert Spencer's opinion quoted above, as well as al
theories making religion depend upon the desire to know,
instead of upon the desire to be, are belied by the biographies
of the great founders or promoters of religions. They were
not, as we shall presently see, preeminently preoccupied by
the riddle of the objective universe. On the contrary they of ten
ignored almost completely the philosophical problems re-
ferred to by the author of the Synthetic Philosophy. Their
concern is the attainment of moral perfection, of inward
unity; their speculative interest — as far as it exists — is the
result of the activity of the ratiocinating wheels put in motion
by the moral needs.

The life of Gautama, however lacking in historical cer-
titude, leaves no doubt that what launched him into his re-
ligious career was not the goading riddle of the universe, but
the deep moral struggle from which he suffered. After the Great
Renunciation under the Bow tree and his victorious en-
counter with temptations, he declared, " I am now going to
the city of Benares to establish the kingdom of righteousness,

316 LEUBA :

to give light to those enshrouded in darkness, and open the
gates of immortality to men. I have completely conquered
all evil passions, and am no longer tied to material existence,
and I, now, only live to be the prophet of perfect truth." The
end he has sought — to conquer all evil passions — is now
attained ; henceforth he can consecrate himself to his fellow-
men and live to show them the way of salvation, which he
conceived as absorption in the Great Cosmic- All, made possi-
ble by triumph over every evil tendency. Much less than
his predecessors did he concern himself about metaphysical
queries. His disciples, it is true, obscured the practical end
he had in view and the practical means devised to attain it,
by developing a system of metaphysical doctrines ; the same
happened to Christ. The Masters were content with dealing
in experiential realities; the disciples fed upon theories and
abstractions. For Gautama salvation is a practical psy-
chological reality : it is deliverance from suffering; from the
moral suffering due to the thirst leading from birth to birth ;
thirst for pleasures, for becoming, for power. It is nearly
synonymous with Schopenhauer's " will to live," and also
with the Christian conception of the desires of the " Natural
Man," or rather we should say that these various ideas are
the outcome of the same experience : of the consciousness that
the deepest cause of our suffering is lodged in warring de-
sires, and the perception that the selfish will must be de-
stroyed before happiness can be enjoyed. The life of
Gautama expresses powerfully this truth.

Pfleiderer, in his " Philosophy of Eeligion," Vol. Ill, p. 65,
in commenting on the spirit of Buddhism, has the following
remarkable passage:

Nowhere is the elimination of metaphysics from religion (which,
is so much demanded in our days) in favor of a purely ethical and
psychological way of looking at things, carried out to such a degree
as in Buddhism; but just on this account it proved a religion with-
out God and without soul, a religion in which religious mystery is
contracted to a mere vanishing shadow of a possible outer world, a
religion, therefore, which completely lacks motive power both for
progressive and deepening knowledge, and for world -conquering
action. For only out of the depths of the divine mystery do the
never'-ceasing streams of living spiritual power issue forth; the
streams which spring from the mere surface of experience do not
flow to life eternal.

We quote these words to make clearer by contrast the
view we are trying to make good in this part of our essay,
i. e., that the essence of Eeligion in its modern form, in con-
tradistinction to Philosophy and Metaphysics, is properly the
more or less clear consciousness of what Pfleiderer is pleased
to call " the mere surface of experience," and that the power

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 317

of religion is proportional to the depth and intensity of the
feelings connected with that experience. The lives of Jesus
and of Buddha give a flat denial to the distinguished author
of the "Philosophy of Eeligion." The "divine mystery"
is not the craving for metaphysical knowledge, it is the
universal and unquenchable thirst for wholeness, for moral
harmony. We shall have occasion to observe in the
chapter on self- surrender that the only apparent motive
power in the deepest religious experiences is the feeling of
unrighteousness and the effort towards holiness. It is only
when "Salvation" was secured that St. Augustine sought
for the how and the why, and elaborated out of what
passed in himself the theories concerning total depravity
and election. His religious beliefs were the product of
ratiocination on his experience of conversion, and not the
cause of it. The comparative inferiority of Buddhism to
Christianity is not due to its metaphysical bareness, but to
the greater weakness of the moral promptings of the Hindoo
race.

The advent of Christ marks a step further in the growth
of the dual moral consciousness. Psychologically his influ-
ence could be defined on one hand as bringing about a
deeper and consequently a more painful differentiation of
motives, a deeper cleavage of consciousness, into warring
parts, and, on the other, as leading and helping men to a
solution of the dualism. We know not through what crisis
Christ may have passed previous to his appearing on the
scene of the world. Indications of a possible moral turmoil
of the same nature as that of Gautama and of other great re-
ligious leaders, are nevertheless not entirely lacking in the
life of Jesus. His baptism by John in the Jordan and the
temptation of forty days in the wilderness, following hard
upon the baptism of repentance, according to the gospel nar-
ration, lend themselves easily to such an interpretation. Per-
haps his affirmation to Mcodemus, who does not under-
stand how a man can be born again of the Spirit, "Verily,
verily, I say unto thee, we speak that we do know, and bear
witness of that we have seen" (John iii:ll), should be con-
strued as a reference to his own "new birth." At any
rate, when he begins his career, he possesses the serene
unity for which the founder of Buddhism had had to struggle
for years. Christ expresses his inner condition in august
words like these : "I and the Father are one." This and like
utterances are but the objective formulations of his moral
unity, of his sinlessness. His central desire now is to bring
men to the Father, that they also may be one with Him. Sin
has estranged man from the Holy God, hence reconciliation and

318 LETJBA :

the establishment of relations of perfect love with the Father
presuppose the voluntary abandonment of all wickedness.
This sin is regarded as the source of man's misery, and the
goal of religious life becomes regeneration, by which unifica-
tion of motives, — i. e., union with God, when objectively con-
sidered — is achieved.

Christ refrained from formulating elaborate doctrines of
salvation, he remained close to the empirical facts of regen-
eration. From practical and empirical, his disciples have
made religion speculative and theoretical. Although we
have had as yet neither the good sense nor the courage
to return to plain religious empiricism, the first steps in
that direction have been taken. The later creeds of Chris-
tendom show a well-marked tendency to revert to the simple
formulation of the contents of the religious consciousness,
and dwell with less and less weight on the metaphysical in-
terpretations given to them by the early church. It is a fact
of common observation that our pulpits have almost com-
pletely forgotten those articles of the creed which formerly
attracted chief attention, and that they are absorbed in
preaching regeneration and sanctification. To be religious
is no more to coDJure and sacrifice, no more to adore, no
more to believe in dogmas ; it is to live righteously an
altruistic life. A conversion unifying the newly born
energies of the soul is coming to be the immediate and
exclusive end of Christian preaching. And if salvation is
still pictured under the form of an objective reconciliation, of
a readjustment of relation between man and God, it is never-
theless affirmed with increasing emphasis that subjective
renovation is its essential condition. That the need and the
means of regeneration are the motor powers of Christianity,
is a truism. Christ made the new birth the centre of His
teaching ; Paul experienced and preached it. In the first
days of Christianity sudden conversions seem to have been
the rule, and subjective regeneration continued to be the con-
dition of entrance into the church until formalism displaced,
more or less completely, living faith. Then baptism became,
for long dark centuries, not only the symbol,but also the sub-
stitute for regeneration. Yet the word Eegeneration was
kept, and the church persistently and illogically affirmed that
without it — or its symbol — there was no possible salvation.
A side current, however, preserved the living doctrine. It
is manifest in the ascetic spirit of the saints of the Middle
Ages ; the experience of many of them reads like the con-
versions of the revivals of the eighteenth and nineteenth cen-
turies. Most if not all of the religious reformers of the Ee-
naissance, as also the instigators of the great religious move-

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 319

ments of the last century — Assisi, Loyola, Luther, Pox, the
Wesleys, Whitefield, Edwards, may be instanced — received
their life-impulse from a conversion experience, which they
embodied in the famous motto, " Salvation by faith." Re-
ligious reformations in the Christian church have always
been, at bottom, returns to the fact of deliverance from sin
(what we have termed unification of motives) through faith,
i. e., a return to the biological teachings of Christ and of
Buddha concerning the new birth.

We know the dominant role which this motive plays in
our modern orthodox churches, particularly in the United
States. »

It is less known that outside the pale of orthodoxy, in those
confessions of faith which had, in their poverty of religious

1 The following facts concerning the influence of Revivals may
he of interest to our readers:

The Rev. Mr. Albert Barnes in his sermons on Revivals, New
York, 1841, says: " .... they [Revivals] have done more
than any other single cause to form the public mind in this coun-
try." " Society has received some of its most decided directions
from these deep and far pervading revolutions." P. 20.

We find in the memoirs of the Rev. A. Nettleton, the famous Re-
vivalist, edited by B. Tyler: "During a period of four or five
years, commencing with 1798, not less than 150 churches in New
England were favored with special effusion of the Holy Spirit: and
thousands of souls, in the judgment of charity, were translated
from the kingdom of Satan into the kingdom of* God's dear Son."
P. 13 of 5th ed.

In 1829 a circular was sent to the pastors of Congregational
churches in Connecticut, with questions on the usefulness of Re-
vivals. " It appeared [from the returns] that a large proportion
of all who are now members of the Congregational churches in this

state became such in consequence of Revivals; that

the most active and devoted Christians are among those who came
into the church as fruits of Revivals, "

Very interesting information regarding the opinion of the fore-
most " educational" men of the time on Revivals and conversions,
can be gathered from the Appendix to Dr. Sprague's " Lectures on
Revivals of Religion," 2d ed., 1833. The book itself is meant to be
a text-book for Revivalists, or professional convert-makers. The
Appendix is composed of letters from ten or more college presi-
dents, including Yale, Brown University, Princeton, Amherst, Wil-
liams; and from prominent divines, as the Rev. Noah Porter, the
Rev. Archibald Alexander, the Rt. Rev. Ch. M'llvaine, Bishop of
Ohio. These gentlemen relate the Revivals they have witnessed,
and express their convictions concerning their nature, and the
most effective methods of conducting them. They are all, in
various degrees, in sympathy with Revivals. Better than any-
thing else to estimate the r61e played by conversion in giving
direction to individual and national life in this country, are the
chapters on religious life in the histories of colleges, such as
Amherst, Yale, Williams, where conversion was looked upon as
the normal culmination of Christian education.

320 LEUBA :

sense and abundance of intellectualism, more or less dropped
the corn with the husk, and whose resulting deadness had
become a popular argument against their negations, a re-
vival of the religious spirit is in process. It manifests itself
in a new interest in Eegeneration and in a growing sense of
its meaning and necessity. The book of Edmund H. Sears
on "Conversion," and especially the two essays entitled "Ee-
generation," one by the Eev. Thomas E. Slicer, the other by
Francis C. Lowell, read before the National Conference of
the Unitarian churches, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y.,
Sept., 1894, are characteristic tokens of the movement we
signal. The doctrinal setting is greatly changed, it is evi-
dent, but the fact itself is acknowledged as the distinguish-
ing mark of the true Christian. " What we are concerned to
know is this : Does the new birth of which I have spoken
give an entrance here and now into the kingdom of heaven
which can be won by no other road ? I think it does. Though
it seems a paradox, I believe that no one can fully know him-
self a child of God until he comes to realize how deeply he
has sinned. . . . Such an experience, then, it seems to
me, is to be desired by every man ; that is to say, it is typi-
cal of the best, the most nearly perfect religious experience,"
said Mr. Lowell in the address mentioned. The Eev. Thomas
Slicer's essay is in the same spirit, and contains nothing that
suggests disagreement with the above quoted opinion.

We can profitably bring the preceding passage side by side
with the following from the great Trinitarian, Jonathan
Edwards :

' ' I am bold to say that the work of God in the conver-
sion of one soul, considered together with the source, founda-
tion and purchase of it, and also the benefit, end and eternal
issue of it, is a more glorious work of God than the creation
of the whole material universe." *

Unitarians and Calvinists agree on the question of ex-
perience, on the essence of religious life; they disagree on the
theory, on the metaphysics of conversion. When the division
between metaphysics and science has been fully recognized
in Eeligion, the church will take cognizance of facts only, and
leave to independent specialists the post-experiential specu-
lations.

To sum up, religious consciousness has been gradually
clearing itself from the philosophical motive with which it
has been associated from the beginning. The religion of
primitive man born of a sense of physical dependence,
gradually yields, as the sense of sin is realized, to ethical re-

1 In his " Thoughts on the Revival of Religion."

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 321

ligions, in which man is actuated by a sense of moral de-
pendence, or, to state the same fact in other words, by a
feeling of sinfulness, of moral imperfection and weakness ;
he exclaims with Paul : " For what I would, that do I not ;
but what I hate, that do I." This feeling is the religious
motive as feltat our stage of development. Religion has be-
come — or is coming to be — the conglomerate of desires and
emotions springing from the sense of sin and its release.
Silently along with the struggle for existence of indi-
vidual against individual, another one, purely subjective,
often eclipsing the former by its grim relentlessness and tragic
seriousness, turns the heart of man at all times into a duelling
ground, and some times into a hellish tempest. Those who
escape least the torments of this dualism, are, it seems, the
best. The fastidious conscience, as also the callous, pro-
verbially honest man, find rising from the very centre of their
being unquenchable yearnings for the attainment of a moral
unity which will bring with it the deep peace and joy of
which glimpses are obtained in spite of the thousand little
compromises in which we wallow. The philosopher pants
for what he terms the realization of himself ; the Hindoo falls
in ecstasy before the vision of an abode of rest from the hard
conflicts of this sensuous life ; the Christian prays for deliv-
erance from sin, pardon, purification and holiness. The
reduction of the dualism thus variously expressed is, in the
broadest sense, what we mean by conversion.

Anticipating conclusions to be reached in the third part of
the essay, we may say that moral dualisms and their reduc-
tions are the psychic correlates of the establishment of new
physiological functions. Conversion might be defined in the
favorite terms of Herbert Spencer, as the unification, by
coordination, of the parts segregated by differentiation of the
homogeneous. Instead of being an abnormal process, con-
version — not necessarily the violent type which we have
chosen for our analysis — is the very creating method of
nature. It represents a physiological as well as a psychic
step in the evolution of man.

Prejudices and ignorance have had free scope to discredit
the value of the class of experiences herein dealt with. That
a considerable number of reported conversions were only
temporary stimulation to better living, and that some of them
were mere pretence, is evident.

Concerning the permanency of conversions, the following quota-
tions may be of interest:— The Rev. Chas. Hyde, pastor of a church
in Ashford, wrote May, 1844: " His influence [A. Nettleton's] was
permanently good." Concerning the eighty-two converts who
were the fruit of Nettleton's activity in the parish, he writes, " Of

322 LEUBA :

the character of these converts, I cannot speak particularly, ex-
cept of those who are now here. Twenty-two have died, twenty-
seven have removed from the place, three only have been excom-
municated. The remainder are, with hardly an exception, now
consistent members, — some of them pillars in the church." — " Me-
moirs of Rev. A. Nettleton," p. 89, 5th ed.

In 1832, eleven years after the Revival mentioned in the following
quotation, the Rev. Dr. Porter declares : "Within about three months,
I suppose there were about 250 members who supposed they had
passed from death unto life. On the first Sabbath in June, 115 were
added to the church, and at subsequent periods 120 besides. Of these
a few have since been rejected, and others have declined from their
first love. But I have not perceived that a greater proportion of
hopeful conversions in this Revival than in others, previous and
subsequent to it, have proved unsound. Many have died, and
many have removed from our immediate connection, but those
who remain, now constitute the chief strength of the church." —
From Appendix to Dr. Sprague's " Lectures on Revivals of Re-
ligion." 2d ed., 1833.

In " The Testimony and Advice of an Assembly of Pastors of
Churches in New England at a Meeting in Boston July 7, 1743,"
signed by sixty-eight ministers and otherwise endorsed by forty-
three others (ninety of them were from the Province of Massachu-
setts Bay), we read: " Yet of those who were judged hopefully con-
verted and made a public profession of religion, there have been
fewer instances of scandal and apostasy than might be expected.
So that, as far as we are able to form a judgment, the face of
Religion is lately changed much for the better in many of our
towns and congregations."

Similar testimonies could be multiplied at pleasure.

The present essay when complete will contain three parts.
Of the two parts now published, the first is an analysis of the
conversion process ; it is divided into six subdivisions, corre-
sponding to the natural phases of the experience : The Sense
of Sin, Self-surrender, Faith, Joy, Appearance of Newness,
The Bole of the Will. In Part II we place, side by side, the
Christian doctrines concerning Justification, Faith, the Grace
of God, the Freedom of the Will, and the corresponding facts
as they appear in Part I.

Part I. Analysis of Conversion.

1. Sense of Sin. 1 The sense of sin is the first manifes-
tation of the religious experience ending in conversion. That
the phrase " to be under conviction of sin " means more
than mere knowledge of one's imperfections, we shall see
presently.

1 To have the full meaning of the quotations introduced in the
following pages, the reader will have to refer to the complete
account of the conversions given in the appendix. In them the age,
education, state of health, etc., of the subject will be found, together
with the circumstances of his conversion. We shall assume, for
the sake of brevity, that the reader has perused these records.

For an investigation into the nature and the physiological basis
of the sense of sin, see Part III.

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 323

The primitive and immediate sin-quale is variously modi-
fied by the affective value of diverse ideas concerning the
nature and consequences of sin. Our records class themselves
in two groups : one composed of those in which the natural
sin-pain is altered and intensified by the belief that a divine
Judge has pronounced sentence, it becomes sense of guilt and
of condemnation ; to these, God is first of all a Judge. The
other group is made up of persons who, having escaped
theological teaching, stand in the truth of nature, and
of those who have outgrown its artificial instruction ; for
these, guilt, condemnation, fear of judgment, the need of
pardon, do not exist; their experience remains untinged by
speculative beliefs : they feel their sinfulness, i. e., their
physical and moral misery, their inability to do what they
feel to be right and desire to do ; they want deliverance, —
of pardon they have no thought. To them God is a Helper,
a Saviour, and not a Judge. To the first group salvation
is a state that follows upon a legal transaction ; to the second
salvation is essentially a subjective affair : it is deliverance,
now and for earthly life, from besetting sins.

It does not appear that the conception of God as a Judge
by whom man stands condemned to eternal perdition, is par-
ticularly efficacious ; it proves much less powerful than the
idea of thejloving Fatherhood of God. Henry Ward Beecher
deplores having been imbued in his youth with these Cal-
vinistic ideas, and thinks they retarded his entrance into
the Christian life. "I thought I was an awful trans-
gressor ; every little fault seemed to make a dreadful sin ;
and I would say to myself, ' There ! I am probably one
of the reprobate.'" "For a sinner that had repented, it
was thought there was pardon ; but how to repent is the

very thing I did not know So I used to live

in perpetual fear and dread, and often wished myself dead."
. . ' ' My feeling [at the age of fifteen] was such that if
dragging myself on my belly through the street had promised
any chance of resulting in good, I would have done it.". . .
" If I had had the influence of a discreet, sympathetic
Christian person to brood over and help and encourage me,
I should have been a Christian child from my mother's lap,
I am persuaded." 1

We begin with quoting some experiences belonging to the
first of these two groups. Edwards describes as follows the
manner in which persons are wrought upon : " Persons are
first awakened with a sense of their miserable condition by

1 " Beecher's Biography," by Wm, 0. Beecher and Bev. S. Sco-
ville.

324 LEUBA :

nature, the danger they are in of perishing eternally, and
that it is of great importance to them that they escape speed-
ily." . . . He speaks of his own sense of sin in very
strong terms : " When others have expressed the sense they
have had of their own wickedness, by saying that it seemed
to them that they were as bad as the devil himself, I thought
their expression seemed exceedingly faint and feeble to

represent my wickedness, and yet. . . .

it is enough to amaze me that I have no more sense of my
sin." A rather strange passage !

The Calvinistic doctrines when preached without palliation
were amply sufficient to produce tragic fears and induce
grave bodily disorders. The terror produced by the thought of
yawning hell, ready to engulf the sinner, would dispose to
submission to whatever remedy might be offered, but would
not love have had a still greater potency t When fear becomes
extreme, as under the ministration of Eevivalists of the past
centuries, it hinders the saving transformation. Expressions as
strong as the following are common in the religious literature
of the last two hundred years : . . . " The Lord seemed
to run upon him, like a giant, throwing him to the ground,
and with such a terrible discovery of sin, caused him to roar
in anguish and oft rise in the night on that account, which
continued for diverse months." ' Every one knows the role
these morbid fears played in the hysterical manifestations
which have so often disgraced Eevivals. 2 Concerning such
" bodily exercises" Edwards wrote: ". . . . they have
often suffered many needless distresses of thought, in which
Satan probably has a great hand, to entangle them, . . .
and sometimes the distemper of melancholy has been evi-
dently mixed, of which, when it happens, the tempter seems
to make great advantages." . . . But we cannot dwell
on this interesting chapter ; let us pass to more normal ex-
periences of the sense of sin.

Finney: " I became very restless. A little consideration
convinced me that I was by no means in a state of mind

to go to heaven, if I should die On

a Sabbath evening in the autumn of 1821, I made up my
mind that I would settle the question of my soul's salva-
tion at once, that, if it were possible, I would make my peace
with God." Some days later, going in the morning to
his office, he was assailed by such questions as: "What
are you waiting for ? Did you not promise to give your heart

'"The Fulfilling of the Scriptures," Flemmihg, ed. 1671.
2 See, for instance, pp. 131-169 on the Kentucky Revival of 1800, in
" History of the Presbyterian Church," by Davidson, 1847.

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 325

to God t Are you endeavoring to work out a righteousness of
your own ?" P. had a very clear and vivid idea of sin. He was
kept awake and tossed in bed, for fear of the Judgment. He
knew he would be lost. The most potent influence was the
thought of the Judgment itself, not the fear of punishment.
M.: "As I saw myself drifting down, and friends who at one
time would have gladly recognized and courted my company
shunned me, I sometimes was almost at the point of asking

God to forgive me and make me a better man I

became a wreck, separated from wife and children. Poverty
stared me in the face almost always." . . At a later
period he had one night a vision of God : " He said to me,
' Thus far shalt thou go and no further. You have despised
Me and my Son. You have gone into the ways of sin and
death. Now you are guilty and condemned.' And as I lay
on my back on the bed, it seemed as if every sin I had com-
mitted came up before me. God spoke again as at first and
added : ' If you will turn to Me now, I will forgive you.' "
(See also appendix, case of A.) F., on hearing a sermon on
Luke x:42, feels that there was something else needed in his life,
" the sermon had made me feel miserable. . . . My moral
disposition was somewhat crushed by the sense of my sin.
. . . On Feb. 24th between 11 and 12 A. m., I could bear

the weight of my sins no longer I was affected

most by my sins and my Saviour's great love."

In the second group we shall see the sense of sin in a more
natural aspect :— St. Augustine has not a thought for his
happiness or misery in a future life. He lives in his sub-
jective reality ; condemnation and punishment he ignores.
God compels him to see himself. ..." setting me be-
fore my face, that I might see how foul I was, how crooked
and defiled, bespotted and ulcerous. And I beheld and stood
aghast ; and whither to flee from myself I found not. And
if I sought to turn my eyes off from myself. . . . Thou
again didst set me over against myself and thrustedst me be-
fore my eyes, that I might find out mine iniquity and hate it.
. . . . . What said I not against myself ? With what
scourge of condemnation lashed I not my soul, that it might
follow me striving to go after Thee ! .... I was trou-
bled in spirit, most vehemently indignant that I entered not
into Thy will and covenant, O my God!" 1

John B. Gough, the famous temperance orator, is moved to
renovation by his misery, by nothing else : "I had no hope
of ever becoming a respectable man again — not the slightest
— for it appeared to me that every chance of restoration to

1 " Confessions of St. Augustine."

326 LBUBA :

decent society and of reformation were gone forever. . .
Utterly wretched and abandoned, I have stood by the rail-
way track with a vague wish to lie across it, drink myself
into oblivion, and let the cars go over me." l G.'s condition
was as pitiable as that of Gough when he arrived in Worces-
ter. The kindness of a lady made him look within. He
thought that " if there was a God that could save a drunkard,
I would let Him." " I had no other thought but that if there
was a God disposed to save me, I would let Him. I said,
'Here I am.' " 2 In the experience of O. will not be found a
word referring to the need of pardon, or fear of punishment ;
he wanted deliverance from the shame and degradation of
drunkenness, that was all. L. wrote: " I had no desire for
anything good, only at times there would come a longing in
my heart for something better. But it was soon over, and I
would, if possible, go deeper into sin." Later, when he real-
ized that if he continued in the same way he would die, he
sought for salvation; " I did not realize that I was a sinner,
only that I was a drunkard. And I think my prayer was, ' O
Lord, take away this appetite, I cannot do it myself. ' " K. has
but one thought — to become good : " God sent an arrow of con-
viction to my soul, and for the first time I saw it as God sees it ;
O, how vile and black my heart looked ! I thought that I would
give the whole world to become as good as those Salvation
Army people." /. .- " When I got utterly hopeless, help-
less, in the darkest despair, when I felt the slavery of sin
. . . . when I knew that I was utterly and forever lost,
. . . thenGod raised up a human instrument. My employer
put me in the Christian home [for intemperate men]. .
I wanted to escape from the evil effects of my sins, in
my physical life, but I do not especially recollect any desire
to seek deliverance from all my sinful nature." Eeferring to
his conversion he says, " Yet I believe that the thought was
more to escape from the bondage of the appetite for drink
than from the whole sinful man." E. : "In all this
period [up to conversion] , I never had a desire to reform on
religious grounds, but all my pangs were due to some terri-
ble remorse I used to feel after a heavy carousal ; the re-
morse taking the shape of regret after my folly in wasting
my life in such a way — a man of superior talents and educa-
tion." During the conversion-crisis he was shown that he had
"never touched the eternal, i. e., God, and that, if I died then,
I must inevitably be lost : " . . . " there was no terror in

1 John B. Gough, " Autobiography."

2 A little before he had said that during that night memorable to
him, he knew that if he died, he would go to hell.

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 327

it; I felt God's love so powerfully upon me that only
a mighty sorrow crept over me that I had lost all
through my own folly, and what was I to do 1 What could
I do? I did not repent even. God never asked me to re-
pent. All I felt was I am undone, and God cannot help it,
although He loves me. No fault on the part of the
Almighty."

In the chapter on the Sense of Sin in Part III, we attempt
an analysis of the feeling of sin ; here we desire to remark
only that the conglomerate of affective experiences known by
that name — made up essentially of general physical discom-
forts due to unhealthy living (the yearning of the flesh after
righteousness), and of conflicting moral tendencies, whose
painf ulness has also its physical basis — is in many, perhaps
in most, cases complicated with the affective value of various
theological conceptions, such as responsibility to a divine
Judge, possible condemnation to eternal misery, etc. Al-
though these ideas originally derive their reality timbre from
the elemental sense of sin, yet, strangely enough, when they
are once accredited, they frequently supplant it by the power-
ful emotional reaction they arouse, and the grosser emotions
of apprehension and fear pass for the sense of sin. As, in
many cases, these primitively anthropomorphic conceptions
are ignored without apparent detriment to the progress of the
Eegeneration-process, the natural and immediate working
of the sense of sin might safely be trusted.

2. Self-Surrender. Self-surrender is the turning-point
in conversion. We might expect to find the will striv-
ing with increased ardor as its antagonists yield ground.
Strangely enough, that which we commonly term "will"
seems to weaken as deliverance approaches, and, against all
expectation, the victory is won when the self-assertiveness of
the individual has given place to complete resignation to "the
will of God." This self-surrender motive is generally con-
sidered an essential condition of the higher religious life : —

When all that separated from God is taken away, when every
inordinate desire has undergone the process of excision, so as to be
reduced into its place, and to be put into entire position and agree-
ment with one great and overruling desire of conformity to God's
will, then begins the new life in the higher sense of the term. The
soul no longer possesses anything which it calls its own, but may
rather be spoken of as a subject, and instead of possessing, may be
said to be possessed by another. Disrobed of the life of nature, it
is clothed with the life of grace. — From " Correspondences of Faith
and Views of Mme. Guyon," by Henry T. Cheever.

Confidence and resignation, the sense of subjection to a higher
will which rules the course of events, but which we do not fully
comprehend, are the fundamental principles of every better re-

328 LEUBA :

ligion.— "Unterhaltungen" of Goethe -with Chancellor Miiller, p. 131.

Resignation to the will of God is the whole of piety

Our resignation may be said to be perfect when we rest in His will
as our end, as being itself most just and right and good.—" Fifteen
Sermons," by Joseph Butler, Lord Bishop of Durham. Sermon on
the Love of God.

In the famous " Sure Guide to Heaven " of Joseph Alleine, we
find among the directions for Salvation: "Resign up all thy
powers and faculties and thy whole interest to be His." The cur-
rent phrases: " to accept or receive Christ," " to yield one's self
to God," or the like, are expressive of the same psychological
reality.

At this point of the conversion-process the sense of sin, of
impotency, of dependence, is about to pass over into confi-
dence, trust, love and joy. Let us attempt an analysis
of this turning-point and its surroundings.

In his "Confessions" we see St. Augustine violently
lamenting over his double-direction will. For a number of
years his sense of duality had grown in intensity. When
the final crisis is upon him, he is clearly aware of the one
remaining thing that prevents him from "entering into God's
will and covenant." "The very toys of toys and vani-
ties of vanities, my ancient mistresses, still held me ; they
plucked my fleshly garment and whispered softly, ' Dost thou
cast us off ; from that moment shall not this or that be law-
ful for thee forever V" It seems that this desire was the last
bond that prevented the realization of the peace he sought.
From this moment the struggle becomes a tug-of-war between
two currents, two classes of affections : the love of his mis-
tresses and the love of God.

"But now it spoke very faintly [the voice of his mis-
tresses] . For on that side whither I had set my face and
whither I trembled to go, there appeared unto me the chaste
dignity of continency, serene, yet not relaxedly gay, honestly

alluring me to come and doubt not, and

she smiled on me [and said] cast thyself upon

Him, fear not, He will not withdraw Himself that thou shouldst
fall ; cast thyself fearlessly upon Him, He will receive and
will heal thee ! And I blushed exceedingly, for that I yet
heard the muttering of those toys, and hung in sus-
pense." The struggle goes on ; "a mighty storm, bringing a
shower of tears," supervenes and indicates the progress of
surrendering. But trust in God's forgiveness, and in His
readiness to deliver him from his sin is not yet complete. He
exclaims : ' ' 'And Thou, O Lord — how long ? how long, Lord,
wilt thou be angry, forever 1 Bemember not our former
iniquities,' for I felt that I was held by them. I sent up these
sorrowful words : ' How long ? how long ? to-morrow and to-
morrow 1 Why not now ? why is there not this hour an end

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 329

to my uncleanness 1 ' " Presently he thinks he hears a voice
telling him to take up and read the word of God. This supposed
manifestation of God's interest works hope and faith in him,
for he remembers one Antony who was converted through an
oracle. The first passage on which his eyes fall is, "Not in
rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness,
not in strifes and envyings ; but put ye on the Lord Jesus
Christ, and make not provision for the flesh in concupiscence."
" Instantly at the end of this sentence, by alight, as it were,of
serenity infused into my heart, all the darkness of doubt van-
ished away," and now what he feared to be parted from, his
mistresses, had become a joy to part with. This voice and
this passage, taken as indication of God's paternal care for
him, contributed the impulse yet lacking to enable him to
achieve the sacrifice of that which had been for years his de-
light. Self-surrender was absolute; consciousness unified; joy
and peace followed in the track of grief and bitter contrition.
That day St. Augustine began his Christian career. We
note that the transformation took place when the last inhibi-
tion to the god ward current gave way. Until then no peace,
no unity, no conversion.

It should be noticed that although the conversion-conflict
may be compared to the daily moral struggles with which we
are all familiar, it differs from them in some such way as a
fight to the death differs from a fight for first blood. In the
latter case the whole man is not involved, only a few eccen
trie cells and nerve paths are in play. It is a skirmish of
some stray soldiers. In the former event, the hostile individ-
uals have been gathering from all over the land, leaving no
stragglers behind. Every one has been called upon to join
one or the other of the armies, and now the conflict is final :
the issue involves the whole man, every cell and nerve fibre.
One by one the divisions of the weaker army are destroyed,
until there remains but the main body, and then the final
crisis comes. In the case we have just considered, every
conscious resistance but one had yielded; this one over-
powered, the victory is complete, the land passes under a
new ruler. Henceforth all strife ceases ; harmony, a sense of
unity and corresponding joy pervade the organism. Every-
thing becomes new, the foreign as well as the internal policy
has changed, and a new organic life begins.

It is evident that although the consciousness of sin is spe-
cifically the same in every individual, the particular points at
issue may differ very much. But whatever it may be, the
tendency, or the direction of the effort, is always the same :
unification of consciousness through the subjection of a class
of desires in opposition to another class of desires.

330 LBUBA :

In the case ol Finney the opposing tendencies finally crys-
tallize around one well defined feeling, pride. His unwilling-
ness to be seen praying betrays unreadiness to abandon him-
self absolutely to the promptings of God's spirit, and to es-
pouse without reserve all the consequences and results in-
volved in the new relation to God which he craves. This in-
hibition, although trivial in its external aspect, brings to
light the fundamental resistance : consideration for self, self-
assertion.

He knew in a general way what was required of him.
" I had to submit myself to the righteousness of God through
Christ." To conceal himself from possible passers-by he
creeps into a space left open between two large trees fallen to the
ground. " In attempting to pray I would hear a rustling in
the leaves, as I thought, and would stop and look up to see
if somebody were not coming. This I did several times.
. . . Finally I found myself verging fast to despair. . . I
began to feel deeply that it was too late, that it must be that
I was given up of God and was past hope. ... I again
thought I heard some one approach me, and I opened my eyes
to see whether it were so. But right there the revelation of
my pride of heart, as the great difficulty that stood in the
way, was distinctly shown to me. A.n overwhelming senseof
my wickedness in being ashamed to have a human being see
me on my knees before God, took such powerful possession
of me that I cried at the top of my voice, and exclaimed that
I would not leave that place if all the men on earth and all
the devils in hell surrounded me. . . . The sin ap-
peared awful and infinite. It broke me down before
the Lord." At that instant a passage of the Bible comes to
his mind and brings a flood of light, and Finney finds him-
self for the first time in the possession of a heart-faith which
fills him with peace and the assurance of salvation. Self-
annihilation, absolute self- surrender brought with it joy be-
yond words, the sense of confidence in God — Faith — and of
pardon. Pride is often the centre of the residual resist-
ance.

The sense of sin, as we have observed in the preceding
chapter, is at times little more than a feeling of physical misery,
the anguish of the sickened flesh. In such cases the expres-
sions "regret" and "desire for relief" should properly take
the place of "remorse " and of "repentance," which designate
experiences modified by specific intellectual considerations
ignored by the persons we speak of. This primitive conscious-
ness is especially noticeable in persons addicted to some gross
vice. Drunkards, for instance, frequently show no sign of
the sense of condemnation, although fully aware of their utter

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 331

worthlessness. They feel shame at their degradation, but are
not conscious of any responsibility towards God for breaking
His laws. They do not exclaim, "Oh, my sins, my sins!"
but rather : " Oh, cursed wretch that I am!" The ideas of
punishment, of eternal death or of damnation make no impres-
sion upon them ; the realities of their daily life go beyond the
pictorial power of imagination. What they want is deliver-
ance — deliverance from the unbearable misery of this life.

Let us examine, with reference to self- surrender, the regen-
eration of some grossly vicious persons.

S. H. Hadley, superintendent of the old Jerry McAuley
Water Street Mission : — Thirteen years ago, in the Water
Street Mission in New York city, after having listened to
twenty-five or thirty persons relating in words burning with
earnestness their deliverance from dypsomania, he made up his
mind that he "would be saved or die right there!" When the
invitation was given for those desiring to reform, to come for-
ward, he accepted the call and knelt down at the foot of the plat-
form with a number of other drunkards ' ' How I wondered if
I would be saved ! if God would help me ! I was a total
stranger ; but I felt I had sympathy, and it helped me. Jerry
[the famous Jerry McAuley] made the first prayer. I shall
never forget it. He said : ' Dear Saviour,won't you look down
in pity on these poor souls? They need your help, Lord ;
they can't get along without it. Blessed Jesus, these poor
sinners have got themselves into a bad hole. Won't you
help them out * Speak to them, Lord, do, for Jesus' sake —
amen!'" Then they were asked to pray for themselves.
"How I trembled as he approached me! Though I had
knelt down with the determination to give my heart to God,
when it came to the very moment of grand decision, I felt like
backing out. The devil knelt by my side and whispered in my
ear crimes I had forgotten for months : ' What are you going
to do about such and such matters if you start to
be a Christian to-night f Now you cannot afford to make a
mistake ; had not you better think this matter over and
try to fix up some of the troubles you are in, and then start V
Oh what a conflict was going on in my poor soul! A blessed
whisper said, ' Come!' The devil said, ' Be careful!' Jerry's
hand was on my head. He said, 'Brother, pray.' I said,
' Can't you pray for me?' Jerry said, ' All the prayers in the
world won't save you unless you pray for yourself.' I baited
but a moment, and then, with a breaking heart, I said :
' Dear Jesus, can you help me?' Dear reader, never with
mortal tongue can I describe that moment. Although up to
that moment my soul had been filled with indescribable
gloom, I felt the glorious brightness of the noonday sun

332 leuba :

shine into my heart ; I felt I was a free man. Oh, the precious
feeling of safety, of freedom, of resting on Jesus ! . . . .
From that moment till now I have never wanted a drink of
whiskey." This man has given his life to the rescue of
drunkards. In this record the approach towards complete
surrender can be followed step by step. He had laid aside
pride enough to respond to the invitation and thereby con-
fess publicly his inability to cease drinking. Old crimes, and
that which the settlement of them will require of him, pass
before his mind ; for a moment he hesitates to accept the atti-
tude towards them which submission to God would demand.
His humble prayer for succor, and its effect, indicate that
all the resistance of which he was conscious had given way,
and that, as he called upon Christ, he threw himself unre-
servedly at his feet.

Case of 0. (Appendix.) After every drinking-bout until
the last, 0. felt confident that he would be able to restrain his
appetite. The sorrow and deep shame that accompanied his
last debauch were also experienced after the preceding ones,
but the one characteristic element of this last post-debauch
state was that all hopes of self-deliverance had left him. For
the first time he felt convinced that his passion was stronger
than his determination ; the light that had illumined the hori-
zon had gone out ; the future was all darkness ; no effort of
his could avert the coming calamity. In that state of will-
surrender he turned his doubting thoughts to God for help,
ready, as he has said to me, to do whatever God would require
of him. In this attitude he found the strength he lacked.

Case of E. (Appendix.) An Oxford graduate, the son of a
clergyman of the Church of England. ' ' About mid-day I made
on my knees the first prayer before God for twenty years. I did
not ask to be forgiven ; I felt that was no good, for I would be
sure to fall again. Well, what did I do? / committed my-
self to Him in the prof oundest belief that my individuality
was going to be destroyed, that He would take all from me,
and 1 was willing. In such a surrender lies the secret of a
holy life. From that hour drink has had no terrors for me ;
I never touch it, never want it. The same thing occurred
with my pipe : after being a regular smoker from my twelfth
year, the desire for it went at once and has never returned.
So with every known sin, the deliverance in each case being

permanent and complete Since I gave up to

God all ownership in my own life, He has guided me in a
thousand ways, and has opened my path for me in a way
almost incredible to those who do not enjoy the blessing of a
truly surrendered life."

Case of K. (Appendix.) A colored man. "I began attending

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 333

their meetings [the Salvation Army meetings] in the Opera
House. The of tener I went, the more miserable I became ; but
I could not stay away ; there seemed to be some unseen power
that forced me to go, and so I went until I could endure it no
longer. The night I went to the altar it seemed to me it was
a last chance for me. I went to the altar to give my heart to
God, not a part, but every idol, my time, my talents, and all.
I made a full surrender of everything, and God for Christ's
sake set my captive soul free. . . . My pen fails me to
describe the joy that thrilled my soul ni

The preceding cases illustrate conversions in which resist-
ance focuses on one special vice. The struggle is against one
well determined appetite or desire. In the generality of
cases this concentration is not apparent ; the subject is in
presence of his sinful tendencies ; no particular sin is singled
out. The following are examples of such diffused sin-con-
sciousness :

Eleanor Emerson in the course of her awakening came
to the discovery that ' ' all my external goodness sprung from
the motives of self-exaltation ; or, what is still more displeas-
ing to God, that it was designed as a substitute for the right-
eousness of Christ." She tried repeatedly to " reconcile my-
self to the idea of being in His hand as the clay in the hand
of the potter. But, alas, I found this idea more and more
dreadful." The prayer meeting, where she knew she would
be urged to make a decision and yield herself to the solicita-
tion of God's voice, was a terror to her soul. Although she
had determined to attend no more, being one day invited, she
concluded to go for the last time, not, however, from a com-
mendable motive, and " in all the obstinacy of despair to
hold up my head, which had long been bowed down, like a
bulrush." Various feelings agitated her during the meet-
ing : ' ' My soul seemed humbled in the dust in view of my
condemnation ; while I was constrained to cry in spirit,
'Even so, Lord Almighty, true and righteous are Thy judg-
ments ! ' At this view of my wretched, hopeless situation, the
following words passed sweetly through my mind, and with
such delightful energy as thrilled through my whole soul,
and filled me with rapture unspeakable :

' Jesus, to thy dear faithful hand,
My naked soul I trust.'

1 The person through whom this testimony was secured, writes:
" He was a very bad man and, since conversion, he has lived hon-
estly for nine years. He was the keeper of a saloon and gambling
den, and, of course, gave up that means of support. He has since
struggled with poverty, ill-health, and old age. I have been pro-
foundly impressed with the mystery of an experience like his."

334 LEUBA :

" At this most cordial disposal of myself into the hand of a
glorious Bedeemer, the thick clouds seemed to disperse, and
give place to such a transporting view of the glorious
Saviour as no words can express."

The crisis of John Wesley as he describes it in his
journal, is in every essential respect analogous to the preced-
ing one. Until the event called his conversion, he had not
obtained that organic transformation which works unity in
the moral consciousness. In his famous letter to Law he
describes himself as groaning under the effort to fulfill the
works of the law and to find in them peace and justification.
Elsewhere he says, " In this refined way of trusting to my
own works and my own righteousness, I dragged on heavily,
finding no comfort or help therein." For a number of weeks
preceding his conversion, he was thoroughly convinced that
he was not a Christian, and that he needed a radical change
to become one. He resolved to seek the living faith by ab-
solutely renouncing all dependence, in whole or in part, upon
his own works of righteousness, on which he had really
grounded his hope of salvation, though he knew it not, he
tells us ; and by praying continually for a full reliance on the
blood of Christ shed for him as his sole justification. He
found that assurance about a quarter before nine Wednesday,
May 24th, 1738, according to his own statement. White-
field's experience, as far as it is recorded, conforms with that
of Wesley.

Case of P. (Appendix. ) Had lost all hope of salvation ; his
uppermost thought in the meeting in which what follows took
place, was that he would never be able to obtain pardon and sal-
vation. At the close of the sermon the minister started the hymn,
" Just as I am, without one plea." 1 He joined in the sing-
ing. Suddenly the Spirit of God — to use his own expression
— seemed to make every word of that first line work within
him. He felt the depth of its meaning and its truth regard-
ing him. With all his heart he sang : " Without one plea,"
and realized as he had never done that Jesus Christ's sacri-
fice was for his benefit, Jthat he also was intended to be
saved ; Christ was calling for him. These thoughts and their
accompanying feelings flashed like lightning upon him while
the singing proceeded. The last line expressed his very de-
sire, "O Lamb of God, I come, I come." Before the last
word of the first stanza was pronounced, he realized that his

1 " Just as I am, — without one plea,
But that thy blood was shed for me,
And that thou bidd'st me come to Thee,
O Lamb of God, I come."

PSYCHOLOGY OF KELIGIOTJS PHENOMENA. 335

sins were forgiven and that he was saved. When, while the
second verse was being sung, the pastor, walking down the
aisle, stopped near him, arrested by his illumined face — and
offering his hand said, "You are a Christian " — " Yes, sir,"
he responded from the fullness of his heart ; a minute before
he had despaired of ever being saved.

What was required from Rev. J. O. Peck was — as
he thought — his consecration to God's service. "Sharp
and short the struggle. Then and there, I dropped on my
knees and dedicated myself to God's service from that hour.
I prayed until I felt peace with God through our Lord Jesus
Christ. When I arose the storm had ceased and the sun was
shining. I was in a new world, etc."

We have chosen the preceding cases among many for the
clearness with which they set forth the self -surrender move-
ment. Many others might be added nearly as explicit, for
instance : "I yielded myself to what I conceived to be
Higher Guidance. I yielded with trembling, but with im-
portunity. At the close of the period I found myself at one
with all things." Or, " I found my heart glowing with the
most ardent love towards the Saviour. Tears flowed without
control. The language of my heart was, O my dear Saviour,
come and take everlasting possession of my soul. . . ."
The verbal expressions vary, but their purport is always the
same : I feel, realize, my absolute incapacity to live right-
eously by my own endeavors ; it is all over, I am undone.
From my efforts can come no righteousness, no peace, no
salvation ; now, I lay down my arms and am unreservedly
ready to do whatever Thou shalt command. This attitude
corresponds to a peculiar physiological condition.

The self- surrender movement may not be always explicitly
mentioned, but it is always implied in what is expressed;
for instance, in such sentences as the following: "I did
not dare to give myself wholly to Him " — (Dr. John Living-
stone) ; or, " I cannot say that I felt strong, but rather weak
like a child, and yet not in a sense that I must sin" — (t/.); or
many expressions of M.&nd of I. in the story of their remarka-
ble transformation ; or in Jonathan Edwards' striking expres-
sion that God's absolute sovereignty and justice with re-
spect to salvation and damnation has often appeared to him
delightful! (See Edwards' Conversion.) The attitude of
absolute dependence could not be more beautifully expressed.
Man's reason revolts against the abuse of power of a Creator
who dooms his creatures to endless perdition, before the
foundation of the world. But Edwards' "abandon" to the
will of God gives him such a sweet trust and peace that even
this apparently fiendish decree brings delight to his heart.

336 leuba :

He is the lover who, careless of the fate awaiting him, gives
himself up to fond embraces, and would find even death ac-
ceptable were it to come from the hands of the beloved.

The following observation from ' ' A Narrative of Surpris-
ing Conversions in Northampton," by Edwards, deserves
quotation here : "The drift of the Spirit of God in His legal
strivings with persons, has seemed most evidently to be to
make way for, and to bring to, a conviction of their absolute
dependence on His Sovereign power and grace and the uni-
versal need of a Mediator, by leading them more and more to
a sense of their exceeding wickedness and guiltiness in His
sight : . . . . that they can in no wise help themselves,
and that God would be wholly just and righteous in rejecting
them, . . . and in casting them off forever "

A considerable part of our material having come from in-
dividuals of common school education, and conversion being
often related after a considerable interval from its occur-
rence, it cannot be expected that every subject will be able to
dissect his experience finely enough to set forth clearly the
various phases of so complicated a process. The difficulty
of introspection is extreme because of the emotional tempest
that usually reigns at the time. A gentleman of fair culture
answered as follows question five: "I think some of the
questions under No. 5 are rather ridiculous, as if a person
could remember the various thoughts and feelings in
his mind and heart at the moment of conversion ! ' ' Despite
this difficulty, surrender is explicitly mentioned in most of
the records.

The reader has likely noticed the striking diversity in the
feelings apparently uppermost in the conversion-experience of
various persons. Some give prominence to their desire for
humility ; others are absorbed in the feeling of their impotency
and unutterable woe ; still others are annihilated and lie pros-
trate in complete self-surrender, while the attention of some is
held by the warmth of confidence, — they speak of hope, of
trust ; and still others seem to ignore humility and their pow-
erlessness, and are carried on by a love impulse to faith in
God and Christ. The words sin, humility, impotency, utter
wretchedness, despair, self- surrender, hope, trust, love, faith
— in the order we have placed them — mark in a rough way
stages in the evolution of the conversion-process. According
to one's temperament and disposition, or depending upon more
trivial circumstances, certain phases of it stand out in more
intense color and occupy longer the field of consciousness.
It is evident that humiliation cannot precede, but will follow
upon the discovery of one's own wickedness ; that impotency
will be realized only after repeated defeats ; that it may be

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 337

accompanied by despair ; that absolute self-surrender can be
consented to only when the former stage has been realized,
and that living faith, born of loving confidence, cannot pre-
cede, but may follow upon the realization of the need of help.
These words, then, describe the stages of a continuous pro-
cess. That process may stop anywhere and never be com-
pleted, as in the case of most men. Although it must be
looked upon as continuous, there is in it a turning point
which divides it into two parts : the "way down" and the
" way up ;" or the " negative " and the " positive " phase.
Between absolute surrender at the end of the way down and the
first glimpse of hope, constituting the first step of the second
part of the process, there is a change of direction. That
change is conversion, if one wishes to use the word in its
strict etymological meaning ; and the positive phase is prop-
erly called regeneration; it might be termed atonement;
while the negative stage might be named diremption. Al-
though it may seem that there is no necessary link between
the end of the way down and the beginning of the way up,
the process never comes to an end at this point, while it
frequently stops somewhere in the negative phase. There
are, nevertheless, a number of cases where what appears to be
complete self- surrender is not immediately followed by the
advent of the upward-move. Confidence and trust, love, are
made impossible by some inhibition, as in the case of Liv-
ingstone, who could not believe that the Lord Jesus was will-
ing to receive and save a wretch who had resisted His grace
so long ; or in that of Bunyan, who for years did not know
whether he was included among the elect or not. Gardiner,
after being delivered from his sin, had no joy because he did
not know whether eternal damnation was not properly to be
his lot. But it should not be thought that the efficient cause
of the arrest of the process is necessarily an intellectual
doubt. Much, rather, are the doubts the token of a remaining
inward resistance, ignored perhaps by the subject.

3. Faith. We have seen that when self- surrender is com-
plete, a turning point is reached at which the affective state
changes toto ccelo. Despair, guilt and the feeling of isolation
are superseded by joy, the sense of forgiveness, confidence
and faith. This small word " Faith " has probably received
more attention in Christian countries than any other word
belonging to religion, if we except the names "God" and
"Jesus." "He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life"
(John iii:36)— " Justification by Faith "—" The just shall
live by Faith" — " Believe [have Faith] and thou shalt be
saved." — From generation to generation these mighty phrases

338 LEUBA :

have filled the mouths of Christians ; they have passed from
heart to heart and quickened them to better living ; about
this word, endless discussions have arisen and momentous
battles have been fought, councils have decreed, creeds have
been built up. This word must have a potency of meaning
adequate to the role it has played ; to what psychological
reality does it correspond f

The most perplexing confusion reigns as to the use of the
terms " belief," " faith," "knowledge." There is in re-
ligious circles a deep-rooted conviction that there exists a
something different from intellectual belief and knowledge ;
that obscure something is, by general agreement, called Faith;
but what that mysterious word means is too vaguely perceived,
it seems, to allow of a consistent use of clearly differentiated
terms. One defines Faith as " the intuition of eternal veri-
ties," another as "the organ for the supernatural and divine ;"
the definition in Hebrews xi: 1 is known to all. Others
enlarge it to make it simply a " conviction of truth founded
on testimony," and use "belief" as synonymous with
" faith ;" for instance, Hodge in his " Systematic Theology,"
and the English Bible.

Assuming at the beginning of our investigation that there
is a specific psychic state which is, or can be, accompanied
by certainty as to the reality of intellectual conceptions, relig-
ious or other (a certainty not secured by the ordinary pro-
cesses of the mind when seeking to arrive at scientific truth),
we shall designate this negatively defined unknown by
" Faith," to distinguish it from opinion, belief and knowl-
edge. These three words — opinion, belief, knowledge — we
regard as denoting various degrees of conviction resting on
grounds of the same nature, i. e., on rational cognition. Thus
we may escape confusion and ambiguity. Furthermore, for
the sake of simplification, we shall designate by the word
" belief " the class containing these three subdivisions.

We are not concerned here with the psychology of faith
and of belief in general, but only in as far as they are found
in conversion.

The great Jonathan Edwards furnishes an interesting con-
tribution to this part of our study. "From my childhood
up, my mind has been full of objections against the doctrine
of God's Sovereignty, in choosing whom He would to eternal
life, and rejecting whom He pleased ; leaving them eternally
to perish and be everlastingly tormented in hell. It used to
appear like a horrible doctrine to me. But I remember the
time very well when I seemed to be convinced and fully satis-
fied as to this Sovereignty of God, and His justice in thus eter-
nally disposing of men, according to His Sovereign pleasure.

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 339

But never could give an account how, or by what means, I
was thus convinced, not in the least imagining at the time,
nor a long time after, that there was any extraordinary influ-
ence of God's Spirit in it ; but only that now I saw further,
and my reason apprehended the justice and reasonableness of
it.'\

Reason convinced without any intellectual argument by the
extraordinary influence of God : this is the work of Faith.
We note in this experience the complete absence of the intel-
lectual process by which scientific conviction is produced.
The following 2 (case of B. in appendix) describes the expe-
rience of a clergyman now in the prime of life :

" . . . . For three days the wild tide swept and
surged past and around me. I felt I must give up the Gos-
pel of John and, if so, my Christian faith also; and with this

the universe would go I yielded myself to

what I conceived to be Higher Guidance. ... At the
close of the period I found myself at one with all things.
Peace, that was all When I looked at my-
self, I found that I was standing on the old ground, but cher-
ishing a toleration of doubt and a sincere sympathy with

doubters such as I had never known before

I could take the logical standpoint, and could see that they
were quite convincing [the arguments], and yet my inward
peace of belief was in no way disturbed." . . In this case,
arguments bring to the ground a system of beliefs. After an
emotional crisis, in which criticism plays no part, the old in-
tellectual construction is found standing firmly, in spite of
blows and buffets more than reasonably able to throw it
down. The ground of belief has undergone a specific change ;
arguments no more affect the new structure than blows affect
a shadow. It is no longer belief, it has become an object of
Faith.

Few religious experiences are as perplexing to a class of
earnest Christians as that of John Wesley. At the age of
thirty-five, after having served zealously and successfully in
the ministry of the English church for ten years, and attain-
ing, by constancy of purpose in the pursuit of holiness, the
moral worthiness which he himself avows in the searching of
heart made soon after his return from Georgia to England,
he repeatedly declares that he is not a Christian. Not that
he experienced doubts as to the Christian beliefs (he had
doubts, it is true, on the ship when returning to America,
but only such doubts as are unavoidable in simple belief.

1 From the conversion of President Edwards.

2 Communicated to us by Dr. Burnham.

340 LEUBA :

They soon vanished and left him at complete rest as to the
truth of the doctrines), but that his religious state, his inner
unsatisfied needs, a duality, compelled him to recognize that
to be a Christian was to be more than what he was. " But
does all this [his devoted and self-sacrificing labors] make
one acceptable to God ? Does all I ever did or can know,
say, give, do, suffer, justify me in His sight ? or . . . .
that I am as touching outward, moral righteousness, blame-
less ? or (to come closer yet) the having a rational conviction
of all the truths of Christianity ? Does all this give a claim
to the holy, heavenly, divine character of a Christian ? By
no means All these things, though when en-
nobled by faith in Christ, they are holy and just and good,
yet without it are ' dung and dross.' " He concludes that he
has " fallen short of the glory of God," and sets to work to
find the Faith which he lacks. A long period of increasing
self-abasement follows, " which must ever precede true, liv-
ing faith in the Son of God," says his biographer. The sense
of self-righteousness slowly dies, and he is brought to the
point where complete self-surrender becomes possible. Then,
suddenly, at a meeting, while some one was reading the
famous Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Bomans,
" about a quarter before nine, while he was describing the
change which God works in the heart,through faith in Christ,
I felt my heart strangely warmed, I felt I did trust in Christ,
Christ alone for Salvation ; and an assurance was given me
that He had taken away my sins, even mine, and had saved
me from the law of sin and death." 1 Notice the use of the
■word feel: — a psycho-physiological transformation no more
dependent upon intellectual information and belief than
a sudden turn in the general condition of a patient depends
upon the medical theories he holds. An interesting remark
can be made here concerning the influence of suggestion :
it is as the change which God works in the heart is being de-
scribed that the very same transformation takes place in
Wesley.

Doubts vanished from the mind of St. Augustine at the
moment he gave up the last impediment to a holy life : a his
unrighteous loves. Indeed, intellectual doubts played no
part in the conversion to Christianity of this subtle dialecti-
cian. This inconsistent professor of intellectual conviction
forgets his art when most needed, it seems, and receives

1 From Wesley's journal as quoted in Moore's " Biography of
Wesley."

2 It would be in closer agreement with the facts to use the pas-
sive form and say: when the last impediment to a holy life gave
way.

PSYCHOLOGY OF BELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 341

bodily the Christian doctrines on the strength of a change of
heart ! The victory over his passion becomes the ground of
faith in doctrine. Who would wonder at his abandoning his
proiession after such a shaming experience of its uselessness !
After the long struggles so acutely described in his " Confes-
sions," — a contest exclusively moral, as the reader may con-
vince himself by refering to the account of his conversion, pp.
328 and 329, he finally reaches the point of complete self-
surrender. Even those " very toys of toys and vanities of
vanities," which were the obstacle to the unification of his life-
motive, he is now able to renounce ; thereupon, " by a light,
as it were, of serenity, infused into my heart, all the darkness
of doubt vanished away." The son of Monica has exchanged
his vacillating belief for Faith ; henceforth he is to devote
himself to the triumph of the Gospel of Christ and the estab-
lishment of right religious beliefs.

The neuropathic Mrs. Eleanor Emerson thus glowingly
describes her ecstatic feelings at the time of her conversion :
" At this most cordial disposal of myself into the hand of a
glorious Eedeemer, the thick clouds seemed to disperse, and
give place to such a transporting view of the glorious
Saviour as no words can express. With an eye of faith I
beheld the transcendent glory more conspicuous than that of
the natural sun in meridian splendor, when bursting from
behind the thickest clouds. I could no more doubt of the
being and divinity of Christ than of my own existence. He
was presented to my spiritual view in such substantial glory
as caused me to adopt the exclamation of the astonished
Thomas, : ' My Lord and my God ! ' . . . The great-
ness of God's character and the glorious scheme of redemp-
tion filled me with wonder, admiration and joy." The belief
in the divinity of Christ and the doctrines involved in the
scheme of redemption, is made to pass, by that ecstatic
irradiation supervening upon the removal of the last inhibi-
tion, into the domain of Faith.

Finney was convinced that " the Bible was the true word
of God " and of the truth of the Christian doctrines respect-
ing salvation before he thought himself a Christian ; and yet
he tells us that "in this state [the state he describes as the
baptism of the Holy Ghost], I was taught the doctrine of
justification by faith as a present experience. . . . In-
deed, I did not know at all what it meant by the passage,
' Being justified by faith, we have peace with God through
our Lord Jesus Christ.' " Neither did Luther understand
justification by faith ; tortured by his conscience and by an
unsatisfied thirst for union with God, he writhed in agony
until peace came and with it the understanding of salvation

342 LEUBA :

by Faith. This living experience became the power of the
Beformation and his chief stay against Eome's " salvation by
works." It was also the centre of Finney's preaching as of all
the great Eevivals this country has known. J

Frequently, especially in persons of little intellectual devel-
opment, conversion and Faith are not preceded by intellectual
conviction of the truth of the Bible, of the divinity of Christ,
of the atonement, etc.; there may be either absolute uncer-
tainty about these doctrines, or even complete ignorance of
their existence. Jonathan Edwards, whom this fact had not
escaped, was a good deal perplexed and puzzled by this lack
of deference on the part of the facts to theology. " It must
needs be confessed that Christ is not always distinctly and
explicitly thought of in the first sensible act of grace (though
most commonly He is); but sometimes He is the object of the
mind only implicitly. Thus sometimes when persons have
seemed evidently to be stripped of all their own righteousness
and to have stood self-condemned as guilty of death, they
have been comforted with a joyful and satisfactory view that
the mercy and grace of God are sufficient for them ; that their
sins, though never so great, shall be no hindrance to their
being accepted ; that there is mercy enough in God for the
whole world, and the like, when they give no particular or dis-
tinct thought of Christ." (From a " Narrative of Surprising
Conversions in Northampton.") But Edwards adds : when
questioned " it appears that the revelation of the mercy of
God in the Gospel, is the ground of their encouragement and
hope," i. e., they had not forgotten their catechism. From
our observations we conclude that, in the city missions of
to-day, belief in the divinity of Christ and in the atonement —
not to speak of other doctrines — wield a very scanty influence,
and is generally absent until after conversion, at which time
the new Christian is generally instructed in the popular
theology. I pressed G. with questions touching the religious
beliefs that occupied his attention in any degree whatsoever
during the night of his conversion and the preceding days,
but could obtain nothing more than what is recorded.
Although at the time of our interview he was well informed
as to " Salvation by the blood of Christ," "Salvation by
faith," and the atonement doctrine, the name of Christ

i " As regards the means used in this Revival (in Rochester), I
would say that the doctrines preached were those that 1 always
preached everywhere. The moral government of God was made
prominent; and the necessity of an unqualified and universal ac-
ceptance of God's will as a rule of life; the acceptance by faith of
the Lord Jesus Christ as the Saviour of the world, and in all His
official relations and work ; and the sanctification of the soul
through or by truth."— From " Finney's Memoir."

PSYCHOLOGY OP RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 343

appeared neither in the history of his life freely given, nor in
answer to my questions. At the time the only things real to
him were his misery, his complete helplessness,and a dubious
hope that some mighty power called God might be willing and
able to save him. The story of S. H. Hadley presents a
similar mental state, as also the case of 0., who did not so
much as mention Christ when relating his experience, and
who stated that doctrines played no part in it, with the ex-
ception of the concept of God as a power, able and willing,
perhaps, to succor him. Similar remarks can be made with
reference to the great majority of that class of converts. The
following quotation from Col. H. H. Hadley, well known in
home-mission circles, the instrument of the reform of hundreds
of drunkards, may interest the reader, if only by its pictur-
esqueness : "Men have been converted in the delirium tremens.
It knocks all the theology higher than a kite! I don't under-
stand it, but it is so. Take my own case, — a big, bloated
drunkard, had fifty-three drinks the day before I was con-
verted, most of them brandy cocktails, and before me I saw
my Lord crucified ; I was converted." 1 I heard myself in a
New York City Mission men tell that they had been con-
verted while intoxicated, even to a considerable degree. I
found satisfactory evidence that their story was correct, and
that their conversion, judged by the newness of their life,
was genuine. Subsequently similar facts came repeatedly
to my knowledge.

As a last illustration of the r61e of intellectual beliefs in con-
version, we report the harrowing experience of the famous tem-
perance orator, John B. Gough, who, for twenty-six years, gave
continuous proof of his moral regeneration (see appendix).
Not the slightest comfort or help did he derive from the idea
of God's goodness and readiness to help him. It is prac-
tically the conversion of an atheist : neither God nor Jesus
Christ is mentioned. The sense of his degradation and worth-
lessness does not involve in his mind responsibility for sin
to others ; he is absorbed in his own self. He battles against
himself, poor slave and outlaw, to conquer, if possible, the
place he has lost in society. When the stranger spoke to
him on a public street in "Worcester, kindness, sympathy, the
proof that all bonds between him and mankind were not cut
off, and that men still had confidence in his manhood, lighted
up the redeeming flame of Faith. " It was the first touch of
kindness which I had known for months ; and simple and
trifling as the circumstances may appear to many, it went

1 From a talk in Boston, reported by the Boston Herald, Feb. 6,
1895.

344 LEUBA :

right to my heart, and like the wing of the angel, troubled
the waters in that stagnant pool of affection." On the urgent
request of the stranger, he resolves to sign again the absti-
nence pledge. " I said to myself : If it should be the last act
of my life, I will perform my promise, and sign it, even
though I die in the attempt, for that man has placed confi-
dence in me, and on that account I love him." This time
the Saviour was not Jesus Christ, but an humble restaurant-
waiter. Names, persons and representations ; a sympathetic
fellow-man, Jesus Christ, or God, are practically one, in so
far as they are able to determine the birth of the same life of
love, of which the name, viewed from a slightly different po-
sition, reads "Faith." What imports is that the regener-
ating psychic process takes place ; through what instrument,
it matters little. As I remarked to a gentleman who was
collecting data for me that the cases of conversion he had sent
me showed a startling lack of discrimination between Christ
and God, he answered, " To them God and Christ are one."
Yes, indeed, and both owe their reality to our love and our
need of love. They might be compared in this respect, with-
out irreverence, to Dante's Beatrice, whose reality sprung
from the poet's heart.

The case of O. falls in with that of Gough. The loving
sympathy of a woman became in him the leaven of the new
life.

We add some quotations picturing the affective condition
of the "faithful." They come from individuals who had
wandered far away from conventional righteousness. R. ex-
perienced a great peace of soul, a great quietude. Care for
the future and remorse for the past disappeared. Love and
thankfulness took their place. S. felt that "God guided him
in all things ; that He cared for everything which concerned
him and relied confidently on Him, although during that
period he was very poor, miserable, without proper cloth-
ing, and suffering from hunger." H. : " Since that moment
joy has not failed him. He felt God in his heart, had the
assurance that he was renewed by the Spirit of God. He
was happy, even though at the time he had no shelter
in which to spend the night. He had confidence that
God would never forsake him." T. : "At the time of
his conversion he felt that God was a Father, that He would
care for him as for one of His children." The indi-
vidual, until then isolated, separated from the world, finds
himself at one with God. Adam, banished on account of sin,
is readmitted to the presence of the Lord in the • garden of
Eden ; a bond of love and confidence unites him to all crea-
tion. A. Fassler's autobiography, " Un Belevement," is an

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 345

interesting illustration of the passage from the isolation of
" selfness " and the accompanying practical and theoretical
immorality to the sympathetic attitude and the new life it in-
volves. How beautifully the life of St. Francis of Assisi ex-
presses this oneness with nature, which none but the soul
undivided by sin can enjoy. Meek Francis found in life the
peace and unity which Christian and Buddhist ascetics sought
in death. The deluded disciple of Buddha grows stolid and
inane in the pursuit of Nirvana, while St. Francis' heart
thrills at the sight of the very earth-worms ; the trees of the
forest, the star in distant heavens, the bird on the bough,
every creature, dumb or speaking, moving or inanimate, is
his brother or sister : "Praised be my Lord for Sister Moon
and for the stars, which thou hast created in the heavens,
clear and beautiful. Praised be my Lord for Brother Wind,
for the air and the clouds, for the pure sky and for all time,
which give life and sustenance to Thy creatures. . . .
Happy they who shall be found conformed to Thy holy will,
for the second death can do them no hurt." What most dis-
tinguishes Jesus Christ from other men is a more perfect
sense of moral unity. He revealed the Fatherhood of God
because he felt himself indeed the Beloved Son from whom the
Father has no secret.

When the sense of estrangement, fencing man about in a
narrowly limited ego, breaks down, the individual finds him-
self " at one with all creation." This extension of the ego is
worth more careful attention than we can give it here. When
the egoistic will yields, personality does not become more
sharply defined, but less so ; more diffuse, it tends to lose
itself in the general life, or general will. It is that which is
strictly personal which gives to self its roughest sensations ;
the saint is hardly conscious that he is a distinct being, iso-
lated from the world ; he lives in the universal life ; he and
man, he and nature, he and God, are one. We find here
again the raison d'Ure of this universal craving to yield one's
self, to give up, to re-enter Nature's womb and live of its
life. That state of confidence, trust, union with all things,
following upon the achievement of moral unity, which we
have found, more or less tersely expressed, in every conver-
sion considered is the Faith-state.

The preceding pages have made apparent, we hope, the ac-
cessoriness of doctrinal beliefs in regeneration. The first part
of the conversion-process ending in absolute self- surrender,
needs have no dogmatic forerunners or accompaniments ; the
sense of sin and its natural feeling-consequences are all that
must exist. From it flows out every experience of the " way
down :" wretchedness, feeling of isolation, conviction of ina-

346 LETTBA :

bility to realize the unity of purpose longed for and finally
even despair. With the disappearance of every known
sinful desire, a psychic revolution, harmonizing the motor
tendencies, takes place and brings peace and joy. Neither is
there any place for the necessity of doctrinal beliefs in this
"positive phase." The only point at which doctrinal be-
liefs might condition the process is, then, the turning point ;
before and after the conversion-process all is determined by
physiological laws, just as the round of feelings through
which we pass during a bodily disturbance. We shall come
back later on to this turning point.

We have seen also that various dogmatic beliefs supposed by
Christian theology to be necessary to Salvation, suddenly, on
the advent of the faith-state, acquire a character of certainty
specifically distinct from the one they enjoyed previously.
These dogmas, we have noticed, were in some cases believed
in before conversion ; in others, they were disbelieved or
ignored. Whichever of them happened to be held on satis-
factory rational grounds, or suggested to the mind by the
experience undergone at conversion, as, for instance, in Mrs.
Emerson's case, or yet any religious belief accepted on the
authority of tradition as essential to conversion, assumed dur-
ing the regenerating crisis a new reality, and became an object
of Faith. In this new state, discussion is no more possible,
because, inasmuch as the ground of assurance is not rational,
argumentation is irrelevant. The seminary student expresses
this with pleasing ingenuousness: "Strange to say, the
arguments seemed not to enter into my thinking. There
were no appropriate faculty and capacity for them in me.
They stood apart from me. I could take the logical
standpoint and could see that they were quite convinc-
ing, and yet my inward peace of belief was in no way
disturbed." " Conviction " is, we see, a derived product,
a mere casual off-shoot of the faith-state, having in itself no
necessary worth. It is consequently a gross error to imagine
that the chief practical value of the faith-state is its power
to stamp with the seal of reality certain theological concep-
tions. On the contrary, its value lies solely in the fact that
it is the psychic correlate of a biological growth reducing
contending desires to one direction ; a growth which ex-
presses itself in new affective states and new reactions ; in
larger, nobler, more Christ-like activities. The strongest
pillar of Christian " orthodoxy " rests not on rational argu-
ments, but on such experiences as those we have quoted.
The men who have contributed most during the last cen-
turies to keep together the Christian system have derived
their assurance and the ardor with which they forced it upon

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 347

the world from a conversion-experience. When biblical criti-
cism, when historical and natural science, when psychology
threatens the antique structure, it is in the regenerating
power wielded by Christianity that the shaken believer finds
shelter and rest. The ground of this specific assurance in
religious dogmas is, then, an affective experience. Finney, for
instance, feels a peculiar emotional disturbance, that he likens
to a wave of electricity going through and through him ; im-
mediately this sensation, seeking for an adequate cause, con-
nects itself with the idea of the Holy Spirit and the related
doctrines. His phraseology is worth quoting :

" I instantly seized hold of this with my heart. I had in-
tellectually believed the Bible before, but never had the truth
been in my mind that faith was a voluntary trust instead of an
intellectual state. I was as conscious as I was of my exist-
ence of trusting at that moment in God's veracity." Speak-
ing of Bible promises he says : " They did not seem to fall
so much into my intellect as into my heart." St. Paul's con-
version did not rest on speculations, but on affective experi-
ences. Luther suddenly finds himself at peace, relieved from
the load of sin,which no amount of good works had been able
to purge away, and then the scheme of salvation by faith, to-
gether with the related doctrines, becomes for him an unshak-
able reality. Z. did not believe in the divinity of Christ ;
but when the wonderful transformation came to pass, the di-
vinity of Jesus appeared to him as sure and evident as conver-
sion itself. I., after having under pressure of the voice of
conscience confessed to a man the wrong he had done him, de-
clares, " I found a deeper peace and a greater gladness than
I ever had before. It confirmed my faith in the reality of
God's Word, Christ's Work, and my own conversion."
Every conversion could furnish illustrations similar to
these. In these cases certain conceptions are associated with
an actual affective experience in the relation of cause to
effect. The objects of Faith may even be preposterous; the
affective stream will float them along and invest them with
its unshakable certitude. The more startling the affective
experience, the less explicable it seems, the easier it is to
make it the carrier of unsubstantiated notions. The unwar-
ranted support given to theological conceptions by the
affective life is due to nothing else than to the universal and
unavoidable proneness to connecting things as cause and effect
for the only reason that they are together, or follow upon
each other, in the mind. I fell once into a controversy with
a very earnest and good man concerning the atonement as un-
derstood by a narrow church. As he was cornered by argu-
ments pointing to the irrationality and immorality of the

348 LEUBA :

doctrine, he suddenly ceased arguing and exclaimed: "It
may appear so, but I cannot doubt it ; / have experienced
»7." He had experienced not only a change of heart, but also
the transcendent doctrine of the atonement! Many of the
most deeply rooted superstitions arise from similar accidental
associations between sensations or emotions and ideas.

It is not in the province of this essay to consider in its gen-
eral aspects the great question of the relation of feeling and
sensation to intellect. But since our subject leads us to it,
we shall subjoin some facts taken from a different sphere,
showing in a striking manner how the feeling of reality be-
longing to a sensation or to an emotion is transferred to an
intellectual concept.

In certain forms of insanity characterized by perturbations
in the somatic or specific sensations, explanations of a most
irrational sort are entertained and partake in the reality-timbre
of the unfamiliar feelings they are meant to account for. A
general paretic 1 suffering from heart trouble imagined that
some invisible being was pumping wind into him. The loud-
ness of the heart beats and murmurs had given rise to the
delusion. More striking is the case of a young girl suffering
from mysophobia. * She was troubled by an imaginary in-
ability to keep her hands clean ; she would be washing them
every minute. When questioned about her general condi-
tion,she would complain of the uneasiness that her dirty hands
gave her. One day some gentlemen attempted to prove to
her that she was mistaken. "When did you wash your
hands last?" — About two minutes ago. — What have you been
doing since then ? — Eeading the newspaper. (She was hold-
ing it in her hands.) — Is your newspaper dirty f — After exam-
ination, the answer was, "No.'' — You have done nothing else
since you washed ? —No. — Then your hands cannot be dirty!
Her hands were examined by the persons present and de-
clared perfectly clean. She gazed at them evidently per-
plexed, endeavoring in vain to find dirt-spots, and after a
short silence, exclaimed impulsively : " But I feel they are
dirty.' 11 She also, as the seminary student, could take the
logical standpoint, and see that the arguments were quite con-
vincing. Against such a ground of belief as hers, intellectual
considerations cannot avail. Who does not know by personal
experience to what nonsensical ideas a mastering fear will
give reality ! When the danger is past, we laugh at our ab-
surdity ; but if the affective state continues, the belief, how-
ever irrational and groundless it may be, remains as an object
of faith, i. e., it participates in the sense of reality possessed

\Seen at the Worcester State Lunatic Asylum.

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 349

by the affective experience itself. The cold philosopher who
ignores the mighty religious affective states, sneers at the super-
stitious Christian. He cannot understand how men of broad
culture and good common sense can give assent to doctrines
to him so preposterous. The mystery vanishes when the
slavery of the intellect to the affections and sensations is
fully realized.

Our theological systems and articles of faith are the body
of justifications given to the various affective experiences of
religious life, arranged and systematized, more or less con-
formably to the science and philosophy of the time, according
to the degree of scientific spirit and knowledge of those who
assumed the labor of codification. If the religious experi-
ences of our day are essentially the same as those of the be-
ginning of our era, the conceptual world has changed won-
drously. Nevertheless we still keep the precious stone in
the old unbecoming setting, for fear, they say, that the stone
will crumble to pieces if transferred to a newer mounting,
and we continue to assert that the old one is genuine gold,be-
cause the genuineness of the stone has been, and is being, re-
peatedly tested. Meanwhile, very many, and these among
the best, are made to care little for the jewel on account of its
repulsive setting.

4. Justification. The sudden revulsion of the affective
state experienced in conversion is usually interpreted as due
to the disappearance of the load of sin ; it is taken by the sub-
ject as the warrant of his justification and of his salvation.
If the pre-conversion struggle is caused by the strife between
desires, some of which are identified with the individual will
to live, and some looked upon as not belonging to the ego
(the promptings of the Holy Spirit), it is but natural that
when the last resistance of the selfish will gives way, when
the will to sin (not the impulse) has surrendered, the sense of
condemnation should forthwith disappear and make room for
a consciousness of pardon, a sense of release.

Narrower daily experiences make this phenomenon one of
the best known to every one : it is tension followed by re-
laxation ; indecision culminating in resolution. In the
Christian consciousness this phenomenon becomes especially
interesting, first on account of its scope — it involves the
whole reaction apparatus, the direction of the whole moral
life, and affects every future action having a conscious moral
bearing ; and secondly, on account of the complication, the
particular hues it receives from religious beliefs. If the sub-
jective duality is conceived of as due to sin against an exter-
nal Being, the cessation of the conflict is looked upon as the

350 LETJBA :

result of God's pardon. In a great many cases of conversion
we find this subjective experience expressed as God's for-
giveness, as the application to the soul of Christ's atoning'
sacrifice, and then it becomes the ground of faith in the re-
lated doctrines. But in other, no less numerous, cases the
experience, in spite of Christian education, does not assume
the aspect of a relation between man and God. Many con-
verts, as we have seen in the chapter on the sense of sin, do
not use "pardon," "justification," or similar words; they
only make mention of the sense of relief and of the joy which
they, experienced.

Let us see what information our material gives on this
point.

Sometimes the obtained unification of consciousness is not
immediately recognized as the goal striven for. M., for in-
stance, wrote : "It seemed as if Jesus himself had come into
my body, and taken full possession of me. I did not know,
though, that I was saved, as we call it now ; but I knew God
had had mercy upon me." The famous revivalist, Nettleton,
relates that "not long after this an unusual calmness pervaded
my soul, which I thought little of at first, except that I was
freed from my awful convictions, and this sometimes grieved
me, fearing that I had lost all conviction [of sinfulness]."
But on hearing other Christians relate their experiences, he
realized his conversion. Finney: ". . . . I found that my
mind had become most wonderfully quiet and peaceful. I said
to myself, 'What is this ? I must have grieved the Holy Ghost
entirely away. I have lost all my conviction. . . . Why!'
thought I, ' I was never so far from being concerned about my
own salvation in my life. . . .'" In his perplexity he
goes as far as to question whether or not he has committed
the unpardonable sin, and he endeavors to bring back the
load of sin. " But take any view of it I would, I could not
be anxious at all about my soul and about my spiritual state.
The repose of my mind was unspeakably great. I never can
describe it in words." The affective state prevented the re-
viving of the sense of sin. Likewise Hallock, although
he had passed through the whole process of regeneration, re-
mained for a while in ignorance of the fact that he had been
" born again." He relates in his "Memoirs" more than one
case similar to his own. Edwards wrote of the converts of
the Northampton Revival : ' ' There is wrought in them a
holy repose of soul in God through Christ, and a sweet dis-
position to fear and love Him, .... and yet they have
no imagination that they are now converted ; it does not so
much as come into their minds." That the actual experience
of "salvation" should not be immediately identified with the

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 351

preconceived representation of it, is not surprising. The
after- conversion state cannot be known in the pre- regeneration
stage ; the fancies nourished by the imagination concerning
the condition of the "saved one," may help to mystify the
subject when the experience is actually upon him.

But the greater number of converts realize immediately
that the gates of the kingdom of heaven at which they have
been knocking, have opened, and that now God pardons and
receives them. Livingstone testifies that he had joy and
peace in believing : " I was conscious that I had received the
divine Redeemer in all Hisoffices,as offered to sinners in His
Word ; that I had devoted myself, for time and eternity, to
Him, and was no longer my own ; and that I had actually
become united to Him. I have never doubted of this trans-
action, through all the trials of faith, to this day." We
might have quoted these lines as illustration of the carrying
power of the faith-state. John Wesley takes the warming of his
heart, and his new affective state generally, as a proof of
God's pardon, ". . . and an assurance was given me that
He had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from
the law of sin and death." K., an ex- saloon and gambling
den keeper, expresses himself as follows: "I made a fall
surrender of everything, and God for Christ's sake set my
captive soul free. The chains of hell were snapped and I
was a free man in Christ Jesus. Hallelujah! .... My
pen fails to describe the joy that thrilled my soul as I re-
ceived the witness of my sins forgiven. . . ."

5. Joy. If the affliction of the person under "conviction"
is often painted in the blackest hue, the joy that accompanies
the advent of the faith-state frequently appears to be beyond
description. Mrs. Emerson says, ". . . my heart seemed
to overflow with sweet, adoring ecstasy." It is never alto-
gether wanting and is almost always violent during the first
hours or days that follow ; afterwards it subsides gradually,
and becomes a steady peace and satisfaction. ..." Noth-
ing but perfect love filled my heart to overflowing." — K. "I
wept aloud with joy and love. ... I was so filled with
love that I could not sleep." — Finney. "At the close of
this awful scene which struck horror through the whole fam-
ily, she suddenly burst out in raptures of joy and praise." —
Prom Nettleton. ' ' For two or three weeks it seemed to me that
I would never know again that sin was in the world. I was filled
with joy; everything was bright and good." — P. " And in
an instant there rose up in me such a sense of God's taking
care of those who put their trust in him that for an hour all
the world was crystalline, the heavens were lucid, and I

352 leixba :

sprang to my feet and began to cry and laugh. . . ."
— Henry Ward Beecher. " But oh! with what joy, joy un-
speakable, even joy that was full of and big with glory, was
my soul filled, when the weight of sin went off, .... an
abiding sense of the pardoning love of God and a full assurance
of faith broke in upon my disconsolate soul!" — Whitefield.
" Thereupon I felt as if born again, and it seemed to me as
though heavens' gates stood full open before me, and that I
was joyfully entering therein." — Life of Luther, by Michelet.
"In my anguish I cried with an helpless despairing heart to
Christ, and as quick as a flash of lightning, a joy so great
rushed upon me into my heart that I knew the witness to
pardon had come. My tears of sorrow changed to joy, and I
lay there praising God in such ecstasy of joy as only the soul
who experiences it can realize." — U. " Indeed I cannot tell
you whether I was ' in the body or out of the body,' but, O!
the light came; it was too much for me. I cannot express
how I felt. It was as if I had been in a dark dungeon and
lifted into the light of the sun. I shouted and I sang praise
unto Him who loved me and washed me from my sins. I
was forced to retire into a secret place, for the tears did flow,
and I did not wish my shopmates to see me, and yet I could
not keep it a secret." — A. " I felt very unhappy for a day
or two, then light was given me. I saw what Jesus had done
and could do, and all at once I became so unreasonably
happy, though I could not then tell why." — V. Note how
the physiological state of E. gave him happiness, in spite of
the belief that he was lost. He was supremely happy, and
yet he knew that he was undone and that God could not help
him, although He loved him. " All the time I was supremely
happy; I felt like a little child before his father : I had done
wrong, but my Father did not scold me, but loved me most
wondronsly. Still my doom was sealed. I was lost to a
certainty. . . ." We have here thought in contradiction
with a feeling- reality. Theology did not square with ex-
perience, yet its traditional power was enough to keep it
standing. A similar contradiction is found in Finney's
conversion.

This ecstatic condition gives to the convert the illusion that
he perceives unutterable, divine truths ; that the mysteries of
life have become lucid. Contradictions are swallowed in the
emotional flood, and the most preposterous theories may as-
sume the value of absolute truth. Sleep and hypnotism
give us abundant illustrations of the glory and perfection
which we can see in ideas that are ludicrously silly when
waking life puts them in connection with related association
systems. The astounding credulity of the illuminated, of the

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 353

mystic, of the convert, finds a satisfactory explanation in the
simplification of intellectual life, in the reduction of associa-
tions to certain lines, as it happens when emotion concen-
trates attention, or in peculiar physiological states, in normal
and hypnotic sleep, for instance. In these particular circum-
stances the ideas present in the mind are put into relation,
but with few others ; analysis, discrimination, comparison,
are roughly performed, and thus few or no contradicting ideas
are called up. Hence, whatever is in the mind has a good
chance of not being negated. The weakening of the sense of
the ludicrous and of the critical power in sleep is due to a
similar limitation of our mental activity. These considera-
tions apply to every emotion, and account for their accidental
antagonism to reason.

6. Appearance of Newness. A curious phenomenon
is frequently met with at this stage of the conversion-crisis.
An appearance of newness beautifies every object ; it is as if
the state of internal harmony was projected outwardly. Jona-
than Edwards describes as follows his own experience: " The
appearance of all things was altered ; there seemed to be, as
it were, a calm, beautiful appearance of divine glory in almost
everything: God's excellency, His wisdom, His purity and
love seemed to appear in everything : in the sun, moon and
stars ; in the clouds and blue sky ; in the grass, flowers and
trees ; in the water and all nature, which used greatly to fix
my mind." Mrs. Emerson had already been struck with the
joyful appearance of the faces in the meeting in which she
was converted. The following day she repaired to school :
" Here the alteration appeared more evident than in my own
heart. Every countenance appeared inexpressibly beautiful.
. . . I inquired with myself whether this happy, delight-
ful place could be the same in which I had lately passed so
many dark, dreary hours of despair and horror." A few
more illustrations will not be useless : " When I arose the
storm had ceased and the sun was shining. I was in a new
world! Such beauty and glory in nature I never saw before!
. . ." — The Eev. Mr. Peck. " But I have a fresh recollec-
tion that when I went in the morning .... into the
field to work, the glory of God appeared in all His visible
creation. I well remember we reaped oats, and how every
straw and head of the oats seemed, as it were, arrayed in a
kind of rainbow glory, or to glow, if I may so express it, in
the glory of God." — The Eev. Mr. Hallock. " Immediately
after conversion I felt somewhat like a stranger in a strange
country; everything seemed new to me." — F. " I felt and
knew I was a different man. It seemed as if the birds sang

354 leuba :

sweeter, the sky bluer. Everything about me praised God,
and a sweet sense of His presence was with me." Some
speak of " a divine countenance," of " the glory of God." —
N. This sense of freshness and of beauty is frequently
observed after strong emotional disturbances, and also in
certain diseases which come to a sudden turning-point.
The youth who has sung for the first time his love-tale to his
lady and receives the assurance of requited love, the
afflicted one who has walked through a dark passage and
suddenly comes to the light, may be filled with a sense of
newness which he cannot help " seeing " and " hearing."

We might rest content with the explanation that we have
to do with an emotional delusion in which the affective state
colors external sense-impressions. Beecher was but partly
carried away by his subjective state ; and consequently the
perception of external reality jarred upon his inner felicity :
" I shall never forget the feelings with which I walked forth

that May morning The singing of the

birds in the woods — for I roamed in the woods — was caco-
phonious to the sweet music of my thoughts ; and there
were no forms in the universe which seemed to me graceful
enough to represent the Being, a conception of whose char-
acter had just dawned upon my mind. . . ." But we
can perhaps make another suggestion, in this wise : The
conversion crisis may be supposed to have for physiological
counterpart a redistribution of energy involving general mod-
ification of the association paths ; or an alteration of rhythms,
changing the nervous regimen. It is natural enough to ad-
mit that to a psychic turmoil so intense as that of conversion
corresponds a no less considerable physiological commotion
settling in a new arrangement of the motor mechanism.

The sense of newness often continues for a considerable
time after the recovery of peace.

7. The Bole of the Will. Instead of gathering now
the information to be found in the records of conversion on
the role of the will in regeneration, we shall pass to the
second part of our essay and introduce in the section on
" The Doctrine of the Grace of God, Will and Determin-
ism," what should be properly placed here. This arrange-
ment has the advantage of bringing the statement of the facts
nearer to their discussion.

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 355

PAET II.

How do Christian doctrines agree with the facts brought
out in the preceding psychological analysis of conversion?
Are the church dogmas concerning salvation, faith, justifica-
tion, grace, predestination, in agreement with them? It will
not be without psychological interest, still less without
practical value, to place face to face theories and realities.
The colossal influence which Christian theology has wield-
ed during nineteen centuries, taken together with the
actual crumbling down of the doctrinal pillars of Christian
Orthodoxy, pointing to a great and not far distant reforma-
tion, invest with momentous interest any serious endeavor
to restate religious truths on an empirical basis.

We have seen in a preliminary chapter on the Eeligious
Motive that the clearer the religious consciousness, the more
exclusively is theology a scheme of salvation ; all other matters
tend to fall out into the domain of general philosophy. Pro-
vided the word "salvation" is properly understood, it is cor-
rect to say that Christ concerned himself with nothing else
than the salvation of man ; and that Christian creeds are
but a metaphysics of the ways and means of regeneration.

One of the mysteries of the world to the looker-on who
ignores, either from lack of personal experience or from lack
of observation, the specific renovating power of Eeligion — and
these blind lookers-on constitute a large part of civilized
society — is the inconceivable amount of energy apparently
wasted by humanity in theological discussions. But the
meanest religious wrangle assumes an august aspect to the
eyes of him who sees in the dispute bearings on man's eternal
salvation. Much rather is there a mystery in the deadly earn-
estness of mankind in search of a new- birth: it is the mystery
of evolutionary forces driving humanity to goals it understands
not. The lucubration of man's brains may be fantastic — the
mind is a wind-mill that may grind trash, but it never turns
without wind. Salvation (new-birth) is known as a need,
and it is known as an experience. Its reality, looked upon
from the point of view of evolution, is a redistribution of
energies made necessary by the introduction of new functions ;
it is a specific transformation similar perhaps to the varia-
tions constituting a new species in the animal world.

Since the facts of salvation are the only objects of a practi-
cal theology (the etymological meaning of the word matters
little), let us, at least cursorily, pass in review and compare
with the results of our analysis some of the core-doctrines of
the Christian church.

356 leuba :

1. The Doctktne of Justification. The Protestant
creeds agree in defining justification as the judicial act of God
by which He pardons all the sins of the sinner in virtue of
the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Justification does not make
man inherently righteous, it is a simple imputation of the
righteousness of Christ, by which man is accounted righteous.
The penalty incurred has been paid by Christ, therefore man
is justified. It is an external judicial act absolutely inde-
pendent of man's merits. The Gallican profession of faith
says for instance : "Car les uns ne sont point meilleurs que les
autres jusqu 1 a ce que Dieu les discerne, selon son conseil im-
mudble qu'il a determini en Jesus Christ devanl la crSation
du monde." And the Thirty-nine Articles of the church of
England declare that, "We are accounted righteous before
God, only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ
by faith, and not for our own works and deservings." The
other Protestant creeds are on this point in perfect agreement
with each other and stand in opposition to the Eoman church,
which holds that justification is not a mere forensic act,
that it is not only imputed, but also communicated through
grace. Justification, according to that church, is at the same
time remission of sin and the infusion of righteousness. The
consequences attributed to justification by Protestant theolo-
gians are peace, reconciliation with God, the restoration of
intercourse between Him and the sinner, and a title to eternal
life.

Thereupon we remark that converts feel justified or par-
doned — for, although theologically these two terms have a
different connotation, experientially they are one, — as the doc-
trine affirms, not after the performance of good works, but
after a crisis in which they appear to themselves to be pas-
sive. St. Augustine cries out : "And thou, O Lord, how long!
how long?" Not that they desire not, but that their will is not
effective. They have the consciousness that not they, but
God's grace performed the transformation. Hence that which
brings the sense of justification is neither their merit, since it
is when they see themselves in the darkest colors, without
any goodness or any hope in their own strength, that the
sense of pardon comes ; neither their good works, since the
crisis is completely independent of any outward activity.
Thus far the Protestant doctrine corresponds to experience.

The statement that the sinner is "accepted as just, though
not just," expresses perfectly the state of consciousness of
the convert. He cannot feel condemned now that the will to
sin is destroyed, and yet he is conscious of not having attained
to perfect holy living. In considering peace and the feeling
of reconciliation with God as consequences of the act of jus-

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 357

tifieation, theology reverses the psychological process : for, as
we have seen, man believes himself pardoned and justified, be-
cause he finds himself released from the oppression of sin. It
will be objected by some that because the convert knows that
he is pardoned upon the recovery of peace only, just as the
prisoner infers his acquittal from being set at liberty, it does
not follow that the judicial act of justification has not pre-
ceded the discharge of the prisoner. It is clearly out of such
an anthropomorphic conception that the Christian doctrines
have evolved. Until the conception changes, this part of the
doctrine will remain in its present form. The Eoman doctrine
looking upon justification as the covering of sin through an
infusion of divine grace, is nearer to the facts. It identifies
in some measure justification with regeneration.

The Eeformers, and particularly Luther, laid great stress
on the assurance of salvation. Similarly a large part of the
Christian church of to-day expects and requires of every one
an experience of salvation.

In the primitive church the reception of the Holy Ghost
seemed to have been a necessary accompaniment of con-
version ; what that meant exactly may not be clear, but it
was very likely affective manifestations of the faith-state, of
like nature with those we have met in the preceding analysis.
(See Finney's Conversion, Appendix and pp. 324 and 330.)
The particular forms in which affective states dress them-
selves, are functions of the intellectual atmosphere of the
time. x

The custom of Spiritualist mediums of speaking in a par-
ticular jargon, the same in the same country and at the same
period, is also in point here.

2. The Doctrine of Faith. Justification is conditioned
on the side of man by faith. That "we are justified by faith
alone, without any manner of virtue or goodness of our
own," is the common statement of all the Protestant creeds.

The Pauline doctrine partially lost sight of after the first

1 The influence of the "milieu" on our mental forms is strikingly
illustrated in insanity. The ordinary correspondent in mental dis-
orders, is some one of the personages, or powers, which occupy
popular attention. Up to the modern era it was the devil, incubus,
angels. Epileptics were demoniacs; hysteric women held converse
with evil spirits or entered into mystical union with Christ. All
that is past in our advanced communities: electricity and magnetism,
oddly enough, have dispossessed the satanic family of a field so
well suited to their mischief-making propensities. Go to certain
insane asylums to-day and you will hear women and men tell you
of "electrical" possession and impregnation, of being troubled by
magnetic currents constantly passing through the room, etc.; but
you may not hear a single word about the doings of the devil.

358 leuba :

centuries of onr era, was reaffirmed by the Eeformers as the
cardinal principle of Christian life, and since then the
numberless Protestant denominations rally around the motto,
"Salvation by Faith." Even the Unitarians subscribe to
this affirmation (see pp. 319-320). It is the central doctrine
of modern Christianity, the only one which continues to pros-
per while the others decline.

If there is agreement concerning the necessity of an experi-
ence or state called faith, there is a remarkable diversity of
opinion as to the meaning of the word faith. Psychological
analysis is sorely needed here. Some definitions of faith do
not cover at all the same ground, some overlap partially,
very few coincide. The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews
wrote: "Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the
evidence of things not seen." A.nselm includes the will :
"The mere idea does not make faith, although this cannot
exist without an object ; in order to true faith the right
tendency of the will must be added, which grace imparts."
Some make it synonymous with intellectual assent, as
Thomas Aquinas, who said : "Faith is an act of the intellect
assenting to divine truth, in virtue of the operation of the
Spirit of God upon the will. Hodge in his "Systematic
Theology," Vol. Ill, page 60, defines faith as "a conviction of
truth founded on testimony," and quotes Hase : "Unmittelbar
Filhrwahmehmen, ohne Vermittelung eines Schlussbeweises
(lurch Neigung und Bedurfniss." J. E. Edman neglects the
mental assent and makes it an affective fact, "Bewusstsein
der Versd7mung mit Gott." These two elements are fre-
quently united, for instance in the Heidelberg catechism.
Its answer to the question, "What is faith?" is: "It is not
merely a certain knowledge whereby I receive as true all
that God has revealed to us in His Word, but also a cordial
trust which the Holy Ghost works in me by the gospel."
The creed of the Eeformed Episcopal Church of America
declares that "the faith which brings justification is simply
the reliance or dependence on Christ which accepts him as
the sacrifice for his sins, and as our righteousness." The
Eoman Catholic church distinguished at the Council of
Trent between a dead faith, which is simply acceptance of
what God has revealed, or the church commanded to be be-
lieved, and which can exist even in sinners, and a living
faith, which expresses itself in works of charity. Faith, ac-
cording to the Eoman church, is only the beginning of salva-
tion, the root of all justification. McClintock and Strong's
Cyclopaedia sums up this dogmatic medley as follows : "Faith,
as used in the New Testament, includes three elements, each
and all necessary to the full meaning of the word, while one

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 359

or another of them may become prominent according to the
connection, viz., (1) fall intellectual acceptance of the revela-
tion of salvation ; (2) adherence to the truth and to the per-
son of Christ thus accepted ; (3) absolute and exclusive trust
in the redeeming work of Christ for salvation. In no one of
the writers of the New Testament is any of these three
elements wanting."

These definitions of Faith include two disparate elements :
(1) a specific affective state; (2) certain intellectual beliefs.
We have given reasons for refusing to designate these two
elements by one name and have denominated the first only
as Faith ; the other we have found to be a non-essential
and accidental accompaniment of the faith-state. We have
seen in Part I, pp. 337 ft, that deliverance from sin and the
joy of salvation invariably followed upon the advent of the
faith- state and were independent of the doctrinal beliefs
supposed necessary to salvation ; and furthermore that the
characteristic affective state marking the passage from the
"way-down" to the "way- up" need not even have a specific
object in the person of Christ. Faith is a state of internal
harmony. The disposition to trust and confidence is a natural
consequence of it. We saw how the convert projects out-
wardly his feeling of happiness and newness §6. Appearance
of Newness). The persons whom he connects with his
blessed transformation will, in like manner, be the especial
subjects of- the objectivation of his inner felicity and love-
liness. Saving faith generates trust in this doctrine or in
that person ; it is not trust.

Now concerning the role of faith in the Christian system.
The Augsburg Confession, Article IV, says : " Men are
justified freely for Christ's sake through faith when they be-
lieve that they are received into favor, and their sins are re-
mitted for Christ's sake ; this faith doth God impute for
righteousness upon Him." We give elsewhere the statement
of the Thirty-nine Articles on this point. The Westminster

Confession declares that "faith, resting on

Christ and His righteousness, is the alone instrument of
justification." The Methodist Articles embody the ex-
perience of John Wesley. In his sermon on justification are
these words: " We mean this much, that it [faith] is the
only thing without which no one is justified ; the only thing
that is immediately, indispensably, absolutely requisite in
order to pardon. As, on the one hand, though a man should
have everything else, without faith yet he cannot be justi-
fied ; so, on the other, though he be supposed to want every-
thing else, yet if he hath faith he cannot but be justified."
Every one of the other Protestant creeds expresses the

360 LBUBA :

same idea in nearly the same words. There is, then,
general agreement on this point. But if faith is looked
upon as a pre-requisite of justification and salvation, it is
not represented as a procuring cause of salvation ; it is but
the instrument, or the means of apprehending grace and re-
mission of sins, as the Augsburg Confession has it. Not
only are good works not a ground of justification, faith
itself is not ; for it is not of man's production, but an effect
of God's grace. Man is saved by the " object of faith," i. e.,
by the merits of Christ, the Eedeemer.

Orthodox Protestant theology is throughout consistent in
its three fundamental declarations: (1) that nothing is able to
save man except the death of Jesus Christ, the Son of God,
(2) that without faith there is no salvation, (3) that faith is
nevertheless only the instrument of salvation, or according to
others, merely the means of apprehending it. Furthermore,
as there is no true faith possible without salvation, it follows
that "faith" is the work of God in man, performed when the
merits of Christ are imputed to the sinner. It can exist but
as a consequence of the work of Christ, a work in itself com-
pletely external to man. In order to retain the doctrine of the
Atonement, the church must see in faith a gift of God ; for
otherwise man attains faith of himself, and consequently
saves himself, since it is admitted that faith involves union
with God. Logically, then, to maintain the Christian scheme
it is necessary to affirm that the sovereign will of God,
determined by man's will, according to the Pelagians, or by
His own lordly pleasure without regard to merits, according
to orthodoxy, imputes to man Christ's righteousness ; and
that faith is granted thereupon, or therewith. In that way
a necessary concession is made to reality without prejudice
to the Atonement : experience and metaphysical speculations
are made to walk hand in hand.

It is sufficient for its condemnation that the doctrine be
stated. Here again theology has been led astray by a crass
anthropomorphism, assimilating God to a Judge.

The analysis of conversion shows that the faith-state, like
any other psychic state, follows upon other processes of a like
nature. Unless we give up continuity and with it all possi-
bility of the world being a rational moral order, we must con-
ceive of faith as supervening upon specific and always identi-
cal psychic phenomena. The supposition that a particular
portion — if we may use that term — of our psychic life is
severed from subjective causal antecedents of a like nature
with itself, and is brought about by an act of God following
upon a decision determined by Christ's sacrifice — the sub-
ject's knowledge or ignorance of it does not affect the ques-

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 361

tion, — belongs to the mythology of a by-gone age. We have
seen In previous chapters what are the forerunning links of
the process ; the facts make plain that salvation (deliverance
from moral duality and sin) is a concomitant of faith, and that
faith necessarily follows upon the sin- pain and self- surrender,
according to a law of continuity of the same nature as the one
determining the succession of our thoughts and feelings.
There is no more reason for positing a superhuman inter-
position in the succession of the phenomena of conversion
(sin-pain, self- surrender, unity, joy, disappearance or weak-
ening of certain impulses and desires) than in the more ordi-
nary changes — be they sudden or gradual — of our affective
life, as in the cessation of "moral," "mental," or "physical"
pain. The alterations of personality, recently investigated,
are no less wonderful than the conversion-experiences.

The compelling power of experience tends to let the mythi-
cal side of the doctrine fall into oblivion. Even men con-
sidered as firmly orthodox drift unconsciously into the
new view. On every side we hear that neither intel-
lectual reception of the truths of Christianity, nor bap-
tism, nor church membership, nor participation in the
Lord's supper, nor good works will secure salvation,
but only faith, in Jesus Christ. In a prospectus of the
four Bible schools founded by the evangelist, D. L. Moody,
we find the following passage ; it would most probably re-
ceive the endorsement of the Protestant churches in gen-
eral :

Some may query what in the view of these schools constitutes a
Christian. And this is easily answered without the use of a single
theological term. Becoming a Christian is on our part simply a
transfer of personal allegiance. "When, for instance, a girl in
Northfield Seminary isjsaid to become a Christian, it is not meant

that she has been brought to subscribe her assent to

the articles of the creed, however true the creed may be. But it
is meant that she has freely given her personal confidence to the
most trustworthy Being who ever appeared among men. . . .
His Spirit makes upon her spirit a wholly new impression of the
divine character, and this begins a radical change in her own, a
change that grows marked directly in proportion to the intimacy
of the relation maintained by the disciple with the Master.

It would be easy to cite pages upon pages from the litera-
ture of aggressive Christian denominations showing that, in
spite of orthodoxy, a large part of the church is practically
unmindful of the atonement transaction, and considers faith as
the natural and necessary consequence of well-known subjec-
tive antecedents.

On the vital point of the doctrine the church and the facts
are in full agreement: both declare that without faith

362 LEUBA :

there is no possible regeneration. We should like to
draw the attention of the reader to a weighty conse-
quence of this principle. The conviction that between the
morally righteous man and the true disciple of Christ there
is a specific difference, is to-day deeper than ever. Many
will remember the sense of wounded pride, of irritated mor-
tification at being made to understand by some plain, empty-
headed fellow that, despite their good desires and worthy
conduct, they needed conversion ; that the kingdom of heaven
did not belong to such as they ; that between him and them
there was the gulf separating the saved from the lost. Such
talk smacks of arrogance and conceit. Yet the man may
have been right ; at any rate he was making a distinction
which psychology as well as theology recognizes, *. e. , that
faith (the particular affective state we have met with in con-
version) creates a specific difference between men. Jesus
Christ was fully conscious of this differentia when He told
good Nicodemus that he must be born again. St. Paul af-
firmed the same truth when he wrote, ' ' Therefore if any man
be in Christ, he is a new creature, old things are passed
away; behold, all things are become new." — IICor.v:17. "We
discern the same consciousness in Gautama, and in the saintly
figures which stand out luminously in the history of the
Christian church. We may scorn the Salvation Army girl
who testifies to the same internal life, and asks us whether
we are saved ; but we cannot make light, in a matter of ex-
perience of this sort, of the unanimous declaration of men to
whom we are compelled to ascribe exquisite delicacy of moral
and religious feeling. Eoman Catholics, Calvinists, Uni-
tarians, — all proclaim the same doctrine. As specimens of
Christian opinion, we quote the following from two sources
very different, if the intellectual status of the authors be con-
sidered :

The sum of our doctrine, then, on this vitally important subject is
this: Regeneration, in its internal nature and process, includes
three things: First, the receiving the divine life into our inmost
being through those capacities that open inward towards God and
the spirit-world, — the divine life imparted by the Holy Spirit that
ever breathes through the heart of humanity. Secondly, moved
by this divine and attractive force, our natural powers, intellectual,
affectional and active, incline towards God, and are drawn into His
service. Thirdly, all corrupt instincts, whether we acquired them
ourselves or received them as the foul inheritance of the past, con-
stituting the Adam of consciousness, are expelled. This is the old
man, which is put off as the new man is unfolded from within. 1

1 " Regeneration," by Edmund H. Sears, p. 140. Published by
American Unitarian Association, 1893.

PSYCHOLOGY OP RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 363

It [faith] consists in a real change from nature to grace as well
as by grace. The term of creation is real: the form introduced in
the new creature is as real as the form introduced by creation into
any being. . . . The first principle of the new creature is faith.
. . . . It is not if any man change his opinion from gentilism to
Christianity, he is a new creature; but if any man be in Christ by a

vital participation from union with Him It [morality]

removes not the body of death. It is a cutting away the outward
luxuriances, not the inward root. It removes the stench and putre-
faction, not the death; an embalmed carcass is as much dead as a
putrefied one, though not so loathsome. . . ." 1

Christian life differs from moral life in some such way as
love differs from affection and friendship.

The inner condition of the " New Man " is thoroughly dif-
ferent from that of the self-righteous man : the tendency mak-
ing for ordinary morality, i. e., the affirmation of the indi-
vidual will in an effort to live righteously, is in direct oppo-
sition to the faith-state. It is, as we have seen, when self-
surrender is complete, when the will to satisfy the law has seen
its impotency and laid down its arms, that the Dew creature
comes to birth. No better illustration of this specific differ-
ence exists, to our knowledge, than the case of John Wesley,
recorded above, pp. 339 and 340. He acknowledged between
his state of moral righteousness, in which he exclaims : "If
it be said that I have faith (for many such things have I
heard, from many miserable comforters), I answer, so have
the devils — a sort of faith ; but still they are strangers to
the covenant of promise. ... I want that faith which
St. Paul recommends to all the world, especially in his epistle
to the Romans : that faith which enables everyone that hath
it to cry out, ' I live not, but Christ liveth in me' " (Wes-
ley's Journal) — and his after- conversion condition, a radical
difference, faith, the Christian differentia.

A. expresses a similar experience: "I attended Sunday
school from a child up until I was twenty years of age. . .
At twenty-one I became a member of the E. P. Church. I
might say with Paul, I was ' a Pharisee of the Pharisees.'
Hitherto I had lived a consistent and, to all appearances, an
unblamable life, nevertheless I was conscious of wrong

within I felt the need of the 'one thing needful,' "

etc. (Appendix). The facts justify the church in its claim
that the true Christian possesses a life in which the merely
moral man has no share. There is a biological reality behind
the belief that a special relation binds him to the Creator;
when he calls himself "saved," "elect," "partaker in

1 From the writings of the Rev. Stephen Charnock, D. D. (a non-
Conformist divine of the middle of the 18th century). Published
by the Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1840.

364 LEUBA :

the divine promises," "beneficiary of the covenant of grace,"
" a new creature," etc., he expresses in various symbolic
forms his specific subjective state. We cannot suppose
that church members are all Christians in this specific sense ;
a large proportion of them, it seems, never rise to the faith-
state. Their meaningless assent to the creed and their love
of virtue are their only title to church membership. They
belong to the great mass of outsiders ; for, just as many men
live affectionately and respectably with a wife without loving
her, so most men live useful and correct lives outside the
realm of faith.

All this said, and possibly agreed upon, what is the prac-
tical value of faith! There are those who look upon love
as a morbid phenomenon, and want to see it replaced by
simple affection. Is faith worthy of the panegyrics lavished
upon it ? Is it indeed a higher life, a divine life ; or is it but
a freak of nature, a phenomenon bordering on insanity, which,
instead of being sought after, should be suppressed f The
facts of regeneration give, it seems to us, an imperative
answer to this query.

3. Will, Determinism and the Doctrine of the
Grace of God.

What is the role played by the will in conversion t

We shall conform in this section to the prevalent opinion
and use the word " Will " to designate a supposed or real
self-determined power of choice, independent of, and of a
different nature from, desires ; haviDg in itself the ability, by
some not understood means, to cause a stronger desire to be
overcome by a weaker one, and thus to save our actions from
mechanical necessity.

However paradoxical it may appear to one familiar with
the indignant outcry raised by the church against scientific
determinism, modern empirical science cannot claim for
itself the discovery of the illusory nature of free-will ; that
honor — if it is one — must be left to the Christian church, un-
less Buddhism should claim it. Long before science had
reached determinism, experience had led the church to formu-
late as a fundamental principle of the psychology of the
scheme of salvation the utter impotency of the will. To the
question, what can men do to obtain salvation? the Christian
church has but one consistent answer : Nothing ; it is the
fruit of the Grace of God, which worketh according to its own
good pleasure. Although the doctrine affirms that of our
own will we cannot believe, that faith is a gift of God, not
given according to merit or desire, in practice — and this is
but one of the many inconsistencies into which we are forced

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 365

when we pass from theory to life — the ministers of the church
repeat the words, "Whosoever will may come," and urge men
to " believe."

Calvin, following St. Augustine, declares in the Gallican
Profession of Faith: u Et bien qu'il y ait une volontt par
laquelle il est incite a faire ceci ou cela, toutefois elle est du
tout captive sous pScM, en sorte quHl n'a nulle liberty d
bien, que celle que Dieu lui donne. ,} Furthermore the divine
grace is given irrespective of merit: "Car les uns ne sont
point meilleurs que les autres, jusqu'a ce que Dieu les discerne
selon son conseil immuable quHl a determine en JSsus Christ
devant la criation du monde." The Augsburg and the Hel-
vetic confessions affirm the same two points : Inability of the
will to acquire faith and the good pleasure of God as the only
determining cause of the application of His Grace. The Con-
fession de Foi des Eglises UZformies wallonnes et Jlamandes,
and the Scotch confession do but repeat the Gallican Articles
on Free-will and Election with less emphasis. The former
says, "Par quoi nous rejetons tout ce qui 1 on enseigne du franc
arbitre de Vhomme, parcequHl n-est que serf de pechS et ne

peut aucune chose, sHl ne lui est donne du del "

The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England do not
substantially differ from the preceding : ' ' The con-
dition of man after the fall of Adam is such that he can-
not turn and prepare himself by his own natural strength and
good works, to faith, and calling upon God." " We are ac-
counted righteous before God, only for the merit of our Lord
and Saviour Jesus Christ by faith and not for our own de-
servings." " Predestination to life is the everlasting pur-
pose of God, whereby (before the foundation of the world
was laid) He hath constantly decreed by His counsel secret to
us, to deliver from curse and damnation those whom He hath
chosen in Christ out of mankind, and to bring them by Christ
to everlasting salvation, as vessels made to honor." The
Westminster Confession is thoroughly Calvinistic. The
Methodist Articles and the creed of the Eeformed Episcopal
Church of America, are identical with the Thirty-nine Arti-
cles on the subjects of Free-will and Justification. The great
creeds of the Protestant churches deny to man not only the
natural possession of the instruments of salvation, but even
the power to appropriate them to himself when they are
offered. ■

The determinism they proclaim is one-sided, inasmuch as

1 It is worthy of note that the greatest thinkers of the church,
St. Augustine, Calvin, Edwards, and others, have found these con-
clusions logically necessary.

366 LEUBA :

man is granted the power to do evil of himself, but not that
of efficaciously willing good. A theory so persistently put
forth for so many centuries, and still holding the field,
must have a deep experiential root. That this doctrine is
rarely heard of in modern pulpits does not warrant the
inference that a systematically elaborated free-will doctrine
has been put in its place ; on the contrary, the weight of
modern psychology goes to make determinism universal ; if
it is left in the background, it is because our intensely prac-
tical age ignores theories.

The experience on which the one-sided determinism of the
church rests is what we have called " self- surrender." We
have seen that before the advent of peace and the assurance of
salvation, theconvert experiences the futility of his own efforts:
"self-righteousness" is found to work but greater anxiety and
deeper dissatisfaction. Luther in his cell, endangering his
life by mortifications in order to conquer the evil that was
in him, with no other effect than increased moral wretched-
ness, is a classical example of the impotency of the will in the
work of salvation. It is here, in the sense of sin, in the dis-
satisfaction caused by moral dualism, that we must seek for
the psychological root of penance, maceration and asceticism
in general. When the body is looked upon as the cause of
the pain of sin, any violence to the flesh that may be sup-
posed to subdue its appetites is counted a step towards
heaven.

One of the deepest impressions left by the perusal of the
conversions we have seen, is the passivity of the subjects.
They are lookers-on ; they attend as spectators the drama
that is being played in their consciousness, just as a patient
observes and watches for the development of his disease.
But before assuming a quiescent attitude, they pass through
a period of self-affirmation, of desperate efforts to bring about
the desired salvation, — efforts which are but muscular ten-
sions. When their ineffectiveness is recognized, the failure
of the will is acknowledged, and resignation to God's good
pleasure takes the place of confidence in self.

This quiescent attitude is striking in many of the cases we
have dissected. Hadley wrote, " How I wondered if I would
be saved!" I.: " For about three years I maintained a
fairly moral condition by constant struggles and self-efforts.

There was not then, and I knew it, any

real inner life, no spiritual joy, no love to the Master. It
was a painful forcing to religious duty, and not a spontaneous
following of the Divine Voice." Of a later period he says,
"I did try at intervals to stop drink by self-resolutions,
promises, pledges, only to fall back weaker and deeper down

PSYCHOLOGY OF KELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 367

than before. ... At last I abandoned all efforts and let
the tide rush as it would, indifferent to everything human or
divine When I got utterly hopeless, help-
less, in the darkest despair " then salvation

came. He concludes his narration with these words: " He
[Jesus] delivers me from self-effort, struggles, unrest and
self-condemnation ; it is simply a life of growth by constant
trust." 1

G. and 0. had repeatedly signed abstinence pledges, and
had made desperate, but vain, efforts to keep them. It was
only when all hope of succeeding by their own strength had
gone that redemption came. J. found that a series of refor-
mations and relapses "had a very hardening effect." "I
saw clearly that I had placed myself where human help
could do me no good. I had lost my will-power. . . ."
St. Augustine, soul-sick, rolled and turned in his chains " till,
they were wholly broken;'' 1 he cried within himself, "Be it
done now, be it done now." Deliverance, having refused to
obey the summons of the will, falls upon the grieved soul at
the time of the intensest realization of helplessness, when
relaxation has superseded tension ; often the unexpectedness
of relief causes the convert to doubt his salvation, although
he has already obtained it (see p. 350). Sometimes there
is a period of revolt, as in the case of Nettleton, who
felt he had done all he could, and thought it unjust of God
not to " receive " him. He learned later during his mis-
sionary career that 'the Spirit of God moves when and where
It wills, and does not come at the call of man.' He relates
the following incident, which took place at a revival meeting
in a private house : "Very soon Emily returned exclaim-
ing, ' O, I cannot go home, I dare not go. I shall lose my
concern. What shall I do?' and threw herself down in a
chair, her head on the table in the deepest agony. All at
once she became silent, and gently raised her head with a
placid countenance, and was heard to say in a mild tone of
voice, ' O, I can submit, I can love Christ. How easy it is ;

1 The process of conversion offers to pedagogy incomparable il-
lustrations of the power of sympathy, of trust, in the relation be-
tween teachers and pupils, and, generally, between men. If the
cardinal principle of religious life is " Salvation by Faith," the
fundamental principle of the ministers of education should be
" Growth by Sympathy." Receptivity and suggestibility are propor-
tional to the degree of trust, of self-surrender, of unconsciousness,
to which the pupil is brought. Sympathy does not only make com-
munication from teacher to scholar easier, but, better than that, it
draws out, unfolds, liberates, potential life. The teacher who pro-
vokes resistance, criticism, disdain or indifference, should be ban-
ished from the schoolroom; he can neither teach nor educate.

368 LBUBA :

why did I not do it before!'" Colonel Gardiner and M.
were converted in what appears to be a semi-sleep.

How conld theology have affirmed the freedom of the will
when it is found to be useless in this all-important matter of
salvation t St. Augustine needed no other instruction than a
conversion-experience to become the apostle of the " total
depravity" and "predestination" doctrines.

Now, in spite of the impotency of his will, man is never-
theless rescued and made to enjoy the peace of pardon and
the assurance of having been received into the Fatherly arms
of God, and that suddenly, as by a miracle. A second before,
a miserable convict dragging his chains after him ; now free
and filled with unutterable love ! How is such a wonderful
transformation to be explained t The doctrine of the "Grace
of God " given freely without consideration of merits, is the
answer of the church to that query ; no better answer could
have been given at the time of the formulation of the dogma.
We may remark, by the way, that the same argument for the
intervention of God's power can be made for any one of the
bodily disorders, such as neuralgia, etc., in which sudden
cessation of pain is of common occurrence.

Christianity is not the only religion preaching the blessed-
ness of a surrendered life. The Stoics (some of them at least)
sought salvation in the detachment from the changing fortunes
of the outer world ; they saw that inner unity was not to be
attained by proud self-assertiveness, but by humble submis-
sion to the Euling Powers. The Buddhist philosopher
teaches at-one-ment with the world-spirit through the destruc-
tion of all carnal desires ; he gives up desiring and lapses
into passive contemplation. His efforts to fall in with the
cosmos and be absorbed in it, correspond to the Christian
struggle to let God's will rule in himself. In Schopen-
hauer's denial of the will to live, we find this self-surrender
motive systematized. Buddhists, Christians, Stoics, how-
ever they may differ on other points, unite to affirm the
necessity for man, in order to obtain his desire, — be it called
Nirvana, salvation, happiness or otherwise, — to surrender,
give up, renounce. They proclaim unanimously, from ex-
perience, the deceptive nature of the will to live. The cause
of this universal renunciation — one of the most deeply signifi-
cant phenomena of moral life — is, it seems to us, not so
much the disappointments in the achieved as the dishearten-
ing experience of the failures of the will. There comes a time
in the evolution of the moral life of every people at which
the barrenness of the will-effort (or will-tension) is realized ;
then self-renunciation is introduced in the national religion
as a cardinal principle. The essential difference between the-

PSYCHOLOGY OP RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 369

Buddhist and the Christian is that the latter does not only
believe that the carnal man must die, but also that he dies to
make room for a new individuality. The first suppresses
the stream of life, the other changes its direction.

But why is it that man looks upon the descending current
of the stream of life as his, while he considers the ascend-
ing one as not his? Why does he identify himself with the
desires to be denied, the evil tendencies ; while he ascribes to
God the desires to be affirmed 1 The moral religions and
philosophies are expressed from that standpoint. Hence
they call for seZ/'-surrender, self- renunciation, self- annihila-
tion. Why have they not included in the conception of the
"self" both terms of the dualism and given man credit for
the good as well as for the bad that is in him? Had they done
this, they would have exhorted man, as the Concord Sage,
to self-affirmation and self-reliance. Or, then, adopt the
other alternative : deny him the good and the bad and look
upon him as the stage on which life's drama is being played,
as some of our ego-dissolving psychological schemes dof
The explanation of this alienation of the higher motives
from the self need not be sought for very far. Long before
being acquainted with what we called later altruistic im-
pulses, our consciousness was occupied with selfish motives.
Primitive man and the child of civilized races are selfish in-
dividuals. To them life is but a pursuit after the satisfac-
tion of egoistic desires, and consequently is known by the
affirmation of the selfish will only. Later on altruistic
instincts come to birth and introduce tendencies opposed to
the feelings and desires which up to that time had made up
the whole of our ego. Is it to be wondered at if we do not
recognize these new comers as " ours," in the same sense as
the primitive egoistic desires are felt to be ours ? They come
to us we know not whence, unexpected, uncalled for, and
stand in antagonism to that which we have always called our
ego ; furthermore, at first they are hardly felt in themselves,
but rather only as inhibitions of customary desires, — they do
not show themselves openly, they betray their presence by
the suppression of the satisfaction formerly derived from the
affirmation of the selfish will to live. That man should have
denied naturalization to such an evanescent alien was un-
avoidable. He cannot help considering himself as passive
in the conversion crisis: he receives Jesus Christ ; he lets God
take possession of his being, he yields, he surrenders. Yetthe
very words "receive," " accept," " surrender," have a pos-
itive side ; they can just as well be accompanied with that
which constitutes effort. As a matter of fact, although, for
the reason we have given and in accordance with the prev-

370 LEUBA :

alent theology, the subject looks upon the sinful tendencies
as belonging to his ego, he cannot avoid at times calling the
upward impulses his, and then he expresses himself as I.:
"By every conscious effort of my mind and will, I surren-
dered myself to the power of Jesus. . . ."

Impulses in two directions, both equally ours, because we
feel them both, and equally independent of will-effort, is what
analysis brings to light concerning the role of the will in con-
version.

When regeneration is obtained, the desires of the egoistic
will fade or disappear more or less completely, and a
set of new impulses, bringing with them new emotions and
feelings, occupy the foreground of consciousness. Gradually
these new-comers acquire a familiar aspect, a home-tinge that
makes the convert speak of them as his neic, in opposition to
his old ego.

The church denial of the ability of man to do good of him-
self means nothing more than the recognition of the ineffica-
ciousness of the will-effort. It is here in agreement with
the modern psychologists who see in the sense of effort
merely the return sensations of muscle contractions.

The third and concluding part of the essay is to be pub-
lished later. It is chiefly theoretical and speculative, being an
attempt to point to the possible physiological correlates of the
psychic facts analyzed in Part I. It includes a genetic theory
of sin, of moral resistance, of consent, of self-surrender and
of the faith- state, and ends with general considerations touch-
ing the physiological forces at play in religious life, and es-
pecially in conversion, and their bearing on some ethical and
philosophical problems.

I take with pleasure this opportunity of acknowledging the
indebtedness under which I stand to President G. Stanley
Hall for the continued help, stimulation and inspiration re-
ceived from him during the three years I have spent as stu-
dent at Clark University.

I also tender my hearty thanks to Dr. E. C. Sanford forthe
assistance he always readily granted me and for suggestions
concerning this essay, and also to a friend who patiently as-
sisted me in the tedious work of revising my manuscript.

psychology op religious phenomena. 371

Appendix.

The concrete cases of conversion, which constitute the clearest
portion of our observation material, were in part gathered from
literature, biographies, memoirs of great revivalists and religious
periodicals, and, in part received in answer to the questionnaire
printed below,' or taken directly, in private interviews, from
the mouth of the converts. In the following pages the reader will
find a selection of typical and striking cases of sudden regenera-
tion. During our early adolescence, circumstances, and later philo-
sophical interest, have brought us in contact with the phase of life
herein examined. We have frequented "revivals," mission meet-
ings, Salvation Army exercises, etc., and thus have gained, in the
atmosphere of such assemblies, a practical knowledge of the sub-
ject of our thesis, which has been to us an invaluable guiding
light.

The questionnaire was sent to persons who were thought to have
" experienced religion," to mission leaders and pastors, and
through them to a large class which we could not have reached
directly. It was moreover published in The Presbyterian of Phila-
delphia, in The Christian of London, and in The Outlook. It was to
be expected that conversion tales would be cut more or less after
the classical pattern furnished by such famous conversions as those
of St. Augustine, Bunyan, and Wesley. As a matter of fact
a small percentage of the answers received were made up of
the phraseology current in revivals and mission rooms, and
smacked so strongly of religious cant, and so little of personal ex-
perience, that they had to be rejected; most of them gave in-
ternal evidence of earnest effort to describe accurately an ex-
perience to which a momentous significance was assigned.

One is at first astonished at the uniformity of the process de-
scribed by the subjects of conversion. At a distance of more
than a thousand years, among circumstances varying widely as to
nationality, temperament, mental endowment, education and age,
the main features of the phenomenon remain the same. That such
should be the fact is but natural, if conversion is what we believe
it to be.

The fruitfulness of our questionnaire was considerably limited by

Questionnaire for a Study of Conversion.

1. How long ago were you converted? At what age?

2. Were you brought up by Christian parents ? what religious education did you
receive? (Did you go to Sunday school? How long?)

3. Describe your life, your religious condition and your moral struggles for the
period preceding conversion. Were you at peace with yourself? Did you endeavor
to reform? What did you do to that end? What measure of success attended your
efforts?

4. Where, on what occasion and under what circumstances, were you converted?
Had you, before that moment, made up your mind that you would be converted if
possible? Tell, in detail, what you meant then by conversion: why did you desire it;
what did you expect of it? In what mental and in what moral disposition were you
at the time? What was the state of your health?

5. Relate your conversion. What were the various thoughts in your mind and the
various feelings in your heart at the moment of conversion? What affected you
most deeply? Were you very much moved? By what, or by whom were you moved?

6. Describe your feelings and your thoughts immediately after conversion. Were
you aware that you had experienced conversion? In what particulars had you be-
come changed? What was temporary and what permanent in the results of your
conversion?

7. If you have passed through more than one similar experience, or through other
less momentous moral crises, describe each one separately, giving date of each.

8. Do you know of conversions, or of simple reformations, as of drunkards, having
happened, without the influence of the Christian religion ?

372 LEUBA :

the lack of confidence on the part of certain people in the
usefulness of psychology applied to religious phenomena, by the
difficulties which a person of average culture and ordinary in-
trospective power would naturally encounter when trying to record
his own experience, and also by the antagonism of some church
officials, a hostility arising from the belief, still alive in some quar-
ters, that science and religion are enemies, and also from a fas-
tidious delicacy, offended at an invitation to pry into sacred ex-
periences. This seemed to one of our correspondents " worse than
vivisection." If we felt the need of defending ourselves against
this accusation, we should point to the wonderfully acute search-
ings of heart of so many devout Christians— St. Augustine for in-
stance—made public for the edification and instruction of the peo-
ple.

We desire to acknowledge here our indebtedness to Mr. Chas. Cut-
ter, leader of the Fulton Street Noonday Prayer Meeting, New York,
for the help given us in the collection of material. It is through
him that the questionnaire prepared by us was published in The Pres-
byterian and in The Christian. He has communicated to us a great
many of the most interesting answers, from which we quote in this
essay.

Lack of space prevents us from publishing all the conversion-
records we should like. Several of those which follow have been
abridged. The name of the person and the place of residence were
given in almost every case.

A. [Age fifty, converted at twenty-two, in {Glasgow, Scotland.]

*****

My condition was morally miserable for about a month previous to
conversion. I had always been a young man of prayer. I was con-
verted at my work. At that time I was working every alternative
week at night (papermaMng), and, between 12 and 1 o'clock
at night I was praying earnestly to God to save me for the sake of
Jesus. Indeed I cannot tell you whether I was " in the body or out
of the body," but O! the light came, — it was almost too much for
me. I cannot express how I felt. It was as if I had been in a dark
dungeon and lifted into the light of the sun. I shouted and I sang
praise unto Him who loved me and washed me from my sins. I
was forced to retire into a secret place, for the tears did flow, and
I did not wish my shopmates to see me, and yet I could not keep it
a secret. I was constrained to tell to all around what a gracious
Saviour I had found. At the moment of my conversion I was in
the best of health. The only thing that troubled me was my soul.
The joy and the peace that filled my soul at conversion was greater
than I have felt since that period, but, thank God, there is a peace
and a joy within my soul now that the friends of this world know
nothing of.

B. [Converted at twenty. A clergyman.]

At the age of twenty I entered a theological seminary and re-
mained there four years. The third year I became a member of a
conversational club, whose motto was the Hebrew for " We stand
united for investigation." During the course of our studies in
rationalistic Biblical criticism, a night was devoted to the discus-
sion on the Fourth Gospel, the author of the essay taking ground
against the historical validity of this gospel, regarding it as a sort
of philosophical writing on certain phases of Christian teaching. I
remember the reader's last sentence: "The Fourth Gospel is a

PSYCHOLOGY OF BELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 373

great epic." By this essay the flood-gates of doubt were open
me. (See conclusion, p. 339.)
(From a letter communicated to us by Dr. Burnham. )

C. [The Rev. Mr. Oh. G. Finney.]

Up to his conversion he was a young man of very good charac-
ter. See pp. 324 and 330.

In the evening of the day in which his conversion took place," his
heart seemed to be liquid within him." He wanted to pour his
whole soul out to God's and rushed into a back room to pray. ' 'There
was no fire and no light in the room; nevertheless it appeared to
me as if it were perfectly light. As I went in and shut the door
after me, it seemed as if I met the Lord Jesus Christ face to face.
It did not occur to me then, nor did it for some time afterwards,
that it was wholly a mental state. On the contrary it seemed to
me that I saw Him as I would see any other man. He said nothing,
but looked at me in such a manner as to break me right down at

His feet I wept aloud like a child, and made such

confessions as I could with my choked utterances." When he re-
turned in the front office: " As I turned and was about to take a
seat by the fire, I received a mighty baptism of the Holy Ghost.

Without any expectation of it without any recollection

that I had ever heard the thing mentioned by any person. . . .
the Holy Spirit descended upon me in a manner that seemed to go
through my body and soul. I could feel the impression, like a
wave of electricity, going through and through me. Indeed it
seemed to come in waves and waves of liquid love. ... I can
recollect distinctly that it seemed to fan me like immense wings."
During the night he awoke many times " on account of the great
flow of the love of God that was in my heart. I was so filled with
love that I could not sleep."

(From Finney's "Memoirs," New York, Barnes & Co., 1876.)

E. [Age forty- two, converted at thirty- three. An Oxford graduate.]
My father was a Church of England clergyman. My mother, still
alive, never had, and has not now, a knowledge of salvation. I
was intended from babyhood for the ministry, and had a grammar
school and university career, graduating in arts at Oxford in

1880

At fifteen years of age I was a confirmed smoker, and used to get
drunk often without the master being aware of it. At eighteen

years of age I was sent to another school My second

school was a change for the worse. Here, all the older boys, with
one or two exceptions, were habitual drinkers, if not drunkards.
Out all night by means of duplicate keys to the school doors, was a
regular thing for weeks together, and drink, smoking, and sins of
all kinds (except the more horribly gross ones) were the order of
the day. We were all manly fellows, and I thank God now that I
am spared the humiliation of looking back upon a life tainted by
the abominations which prevailed in some of our larger public
schools. About two and a half years of this brought me up to the
age at which I should enter upon my university career. I went to
Oxford and gained my scholarship or exhibition in the usual way.
A reckless, drunken and otherwise impure life passed by quickly
enough, and I found myself a graduate, ready, as my poor father
thought, to take orders at once. Alas, alas! nothing was further
from my mind than the ministry. I knew absolutely nothing of
God.^Up to thirty-three years of age my whole life was one of routine
religion. Between the period of leaving Oxford and my conver-

374 LEUBA :

aion, I never darkened the door of my father's church, although I
lived with him for eight years, making what money I wanted by jour-
nalism, and spending it in high carousal with any one who would sit
with me and drink it away. This was a source of much trouble to my
parents, who saw my talent and education thrown away, owing to
my inability to settle down to steady work. But I had grown weary
of religion as I had seen it. Eight years, between my degree at Ox-
ford and my conversion in 1886, seems a long time now to have
wasted in a small village with two inns only. But it went by very
quickly, in the way I lived. I was young and handsome, of tre-
mendously powerful physique, and was a general favorite with the
girls. This, I suppose, was a great factor in enabling me to live a
life so different from the one I might have lived, had I turned to
and gone earnestly to work. Anyway, so I lived, and would prob-
ably have gone on living had not God turned me around and com-
pelled me to go another road. Sometimes drunk for a week to-
gether, and then a terrible repentance, and not touch a drop for a
whole month. I never got beyond that period, except once, when I
joined the Good Templars, in the hope that the restraints of this body
would keep me in check. I did very well for nearly three months,
but a Good Templar at last broke me, and we both ceased to attend
the meetings, and were knocked off the roll. In all this period,
that is, up to thirty-three years of age, I never had a desire to re-
form on religious grounds, but all my pangs were due to some ter-
rible remorse I used to feel after a heavy carousal; the remorse
taking the shape of regret after my folly in wasting my life in such
a way — a man of superior talents and education. I was not much
alarmed about the future world; I did not believe it to exist, at any
rate. This " terrible remorse " turned me gray in one night, and
whenever it came upon me I was perceptibly grayer the next
morning. What I suffered in this way is beyond the expression of
words. It was hell- fire in all its most dreadful tortures. Often did
I vow that if I got over " this time " I would reform. Alas, in
about three days I fully recovered, and was as happy as ever. So
it went on for years, but, with a physique like a rhinoceros, I
always recovered; as long as I let drink alone, no man was as capa-
ble of enjoying life as I was.

I was converted in my own bedroom in my father's rectory
house at precisely 3 o'clock in the afternoon of a hot July day
(July 13th, 1886). I was in perfect health, having been off from the
drink for nearly a month. I was in no way troubled about my soul.
In fact, God was not in my thoughts that day. A young lady friend
sent me a copy of Professor Drummond's " Natural Law in the
Spiritual World," asking me my opinion of it as a literary work
only. Being proud of my critical talents, and wishing to enhance
myself in my new friend's esteem, I took the book to my bedroom,
for quiet, intending to give it a thorough study, and then write her
what I thought of it. It was here that God met me face to face,
and I shall never forget the meeting. " He that hath the Son hath
Life Eternal;" " He that hath not the Son hath not Life." I had
read this scores of times before. But this made all the difference:
I was now in God's presence, and my attention was absolutely
" soldered" on to this verse, and I was not allowed to proceed with
the book till I had fairly considered what these words really meant
and what they involved. Only then was I allowed to proceed, feel-
ing all the.while that there was another being in my bedroom,
though not seen by me. The stillness was very marvelous, and I
felt supremely happy. It was most unquestionably shown me, in
one second of time, that I had never touched the Eternal, that is,

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 375

God ; and that if I died then, I must inevitably be lost. I was un-
done. I knew it as well as I now know I am saved. The Holy
Spirit of God showed it me in most ineffable love; there was posi-
tively no terror in it; I felt God's love so powerfully upon me that
only a mighty sorrow crept over me that I had lost all through
my own folly, and what was I to do ? What could I do ? I did not
repent even; God never asked me to repent. All I felt was, " I am
undone," and God cannot help it, although He loves me. No fault
on the part of the Almighty. All the time I was supremely happy;
I felt like a little child before his father. I had done wrong, but
my Father did not scold me, but loved me most wondrously. Still,
my doom was sealed. I was lost to a certainty, and being naturally
of a brave disposition I did not quail under it, but deep sorrow for
the past, mixed with regret for what I had lost, took hold upon me,
and my soul thrilled within me to think it was all over. Then there
crept in upon me so gently, so lovingly, so unmistakably, a way of
escape, and what was it after all ? The old, old story over again,
told in the simplest way, " There is no name under heaven whereby
ye can be saved except that of the Lord Jesus Christ." No
words were spoken to me; my soul seemed to see my Saviour in the
spirit, and from that hour to this, nearly nine years now, there has
never been in my life one doubt that the Lord Jesus Christ and God
the Father both worked upon me that afternoon in July, both differ-
ently and both in the most perfect love conceivable, and I rejoiced
there and then in a conversion so astounding that the whole vil-
lage heard of it in less than twenty-four hours.

After passing through the scene with God in my bedroom, I went
to the rooms downstairs to relate what I had experienced to any-
one who would listen. All saw I was a wonderfully changed man,
very subdued and quiet, but out of a family of six grown-up sis-
ters^ brother, a father, and a mother, — only one, a widowed sister,
two years older than myself, really understood what had taken
place, and she was rejoiced beyond measure, and said that I had
received a glorious conversion, and that she always knew that I
would be saved at last, although it looked so bad against me. But
a time of trouble was yet to come. The day after my conversion I
went into the hay field to lend a hand with the harvest, and not
having made any promise to God to abstain from drink in modera-
tion only, I took too much and came home drunk. My poor sister was
heart-broken; and I felt ashamed of myself and got to my bedroom
at once,where she followed me, weeping copiously. She said I had
been converted and fallen away instantly. But although I was
quite full of drink (not muddled, however), I knew that God's work
begun in me was not going to be wasted. It was no good to pray
in that state, — I had not prayed for twenty years, — and, wishing my
sister good night, I said with the utmost simplicity, "You don't
know all that has occurred to me; it is all right, and although I am
drunk now, I love 1113' Saviour with a love I cannot express to
you." And so she left me for the night, somewhat more reconciled.
Next morning I was very low indeed; still I felt that God was not
going to lift me up like that and then let me fall into lower depths
at once. About mid-day I made on my knees the first prayer before
God for twenty years. I did not ask to be forgiven; I felt that was
no good, for I would be sure to fall again. Well, what did I do? I
committed myself to Him in the profoundest belief that my indi-
viduality was going to be destroyed, that He would take all from
me, and I was willing. In such a surrender lies the secret of a
holy life. From that hour drink has had no terrors for me ; I never
touch it, never want it. The same thing occurred with my pipe :

376 leuba :

after being a regular smoker from my twelfth year the desire for it
went at once, and has never returned. So with every known sin,
the deliverance in each case being permanent and complete. I
have had no temptations since conversion, God seemingly having
shut out Satan from that course with me, but he gets a free hand in
another way, but never on sins of the flesh. Since I gave up to
God all ownership in my own life, He has guided me in a thousand
ways, and has opened my path for me in a way almost incredible
to those who do not enjoy the blessing of a truly surrendered life.

P. S. — Written at one silting, and not meant for publication as it
stands.

[The writer of this letter is now married and has four chil-
dren.]

F. [Age twenty-one, converted at sixteen. Brought up in a
Christian home. Attended the Wesleyan Sunday school from the
age of four to, fourteen.]

At the age of fourteen I thought that if I went to a place of wor-
ship once every Sunday, that would be all the religion I required.
"Was I at peace with myself?" Far from it. There were times
when I felt most miserable. I felt my moral nature sinking while

I was trying hard to find something higher. I endeavored to re-
form, but my moral surroundings were too strong for me ; so my
efforts were all unsuccessful.

On the night of February 23d something tempted me to go to
the Wesleyan Chapel of my childhood days. Rev. A. Wood was
preaching from Luke x: 5-42. The words came home to me. I
felt that there was something else needed in my life; the sermon
had made me feel miserable. In this state I remained for fifteen
hours. For five months previous to this I had felt that I would like
to be converted; but the moral forces of my workshop ^ which was
in a piano forte factory) seemed too strong for me. My moral dis-
position was somewhat crushed by the sense of my sins. My men-
tal condition, like my health, was good. On February 24th between

II and 12 A. M., I could bear the weight of my sins no longer.
I thought if ever I am to be converted, why not now? So
locking the door of my workshop, I fell on my knees and prayed
in the language of hymn 327 in " Sacred Songs and Solos." And im-
mediately a voice seemed to say to me, " Thy sins which are many,
are all forgiven thee." At this moment I was filled with wonder.
Arising from my knees I knew that I was converted. I was affected
most by my sins and my Saviour's great love, but I do not remember
that I shed a tear.

Immediately after conversion I felt somewhat like a stran-
ger in a strange country; everything seemed new tome. Yes,
I knew for a certainty that I was born again. My whole life was
altered. And I saw everything under a different aspect from what
I had done before. As far as I know, everything that was good and
true became permanent

O. [Age forty, converted twenty months ago. Superintendent of

amission.]

Until the age of twenty-one he lived in a Christian home. He
took his first glass of whiskey at that age, and gradually became a
drunkard. Three years ago, after the ruin, through dissipation, of
his business establishment, he went to Canada, where no one knew
his antecedents, with the intention of beginning life anew. But
soon he fell a prey to his old enemy. He had signed enough absti-
nence pledges to " cover the wall of a room;" they were never

PSYCHOLOGY OV RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 377

kept more than a month, generally only a few days, and sometimes
bat a few hours, in spite of hard struggles to be true to his promise.
In Montreal he lost a very good position ($70 a fortnight), and was
thrown into prison for disorderly conduct. Disgusted and tired of
life, he left Canada to go to W. Here he arrived intoxicated. He
secured a position, but was soon dismissed for drunkenness, and
then found himself once more without money, without friend and
without home. Gladly would he have welcomed death. As he was
in this wretched situation,a lady showed him sympathy and invited
him to a mission. Her kindness made him look within. For years
no one had ever cared about him; this unwonted kindly interest
went to his heart. At the meeting a pressing invitation was given
to all persons present to give themselves to the Lord Jesus Christ
with the assurance that He would save them. A bed was given
him in the mission house. While his room-mate lay drunk, he sat
up, or paced the room all night long in a sullen, despairing mood.
Some one had lent him a Bible; he tried to read it, but his thoughts
were too disturbing. That which he had heard in the meeting had
brought to his mind recollections of youthj the thought of the
young wife he had left in England, of his family, etc. He realized
that there was no hope, that if he died then he would go to hell. He
prayed asking God to take him as he was; saying that if He was
willing to save him, he would let Him. "I said, here I am." At
about 6 a. M. he felt that God had pardoned him. The anguish
of the night had passed, and he found himself calm and peaceful.
That very morning he told a companion that he was converted,
that he had given his heart to God. Terrible were the temptations
that day as he passed before the saloon doors; but he was kept.
Theyjirecurred day after day for more than a week. The lady's
continued sympathy was a great comfort to him.

Three months after his conversion he opened a mission, which
progressed rapidly, and is now doing very good work among
drunkards and other outcasts.

(Written from detailed notes taken while he was relating his con-
version to me.)

H. [Age thirty-five, converted five years ago. Hotel waiter. Pub-
lic school education.]

Until the age of fifteen he lived among religious people. Subse-
quently he left home, fell into bad company and became a drunkard.
He abandons his wife, sleeps in the open air and becomes a tramp.
In that condition he feels very unhappy and lonely. He is without
friends. He has remorse at the thought of his mother, who
grieves for him.

On the 28th of November, 1889, while he was seated in Central
Park, N. Y., a young man entered into conversation with him, and
invited him to go in his company to a religious meeting. The kind-
ness of the stranger moved him deeply; he did not understand why
a well-dressed stranger should care for him and be willing to walk
with a raggedly clad fellow like himself. At the meeting he heard
the testimonies of those who had also been wretched castaways,
and who were now happy disciples of Christ. But the beautiful
things he heard could hardly be for him; he was surely lost. After
the meeting the stranger knelt with him, and they prayed together
and wept like children. He promised God that he would serve
Him; and gave himself to Him body and soul. Peace came to his
soul as he was praying in that spirit, and he felt himself pardoned
of all his sins. He declared then publicly that from that moment
he would begin a new life. He felt God in his heart; he knew that

378 LEUBA :

he was regenerated, and although he did not know where to find
shelter for the night, he felt assured that God would always help
him. He went to his wife and told her of his conversion. The new
light on his face convinced her that a great change had taken place
in him, and they began life anew together.

(Communicated by a friend who obtained this story from the
person himself.)

I. [Age fifty-four, converted at forty-five.]

My Christian mother died when I was seven. My father was a
drinking man, and nominally a Methodist. Up to the age of twelve
I had but very little religious or any other kind of education. It
was a life of neglect and often hunger and misery. At the age of
twelve I was adopted by my godfather, .... and had the
blessing of a Christian home. I became a member of the Sunday

school of Saint Paul's Church, N. Y In course of time

I was confirmed and became a member of the church. I was active
in all the externals of church life and work, became Sabbath school
teacher, member of the Young Men's Association, etc. From 1853
to 1860 I was clerk in my uncle's office. He was a magistrate and
had a legal practice.

I got into society at nineteen and was fascinated with dancing,
parties, billiards, etc. I commenced smoking at nineteen, and
drinking at twenty-one; then followed theatre, gambling; licen-
tiousness and deeper forms of sin. I was leading a dual life, de-
ceiving my uncle and aunt, maintaining an outside semblance of
morality, attending church, etc., but living a lie before God. For
I had no religion. I had been a respectable and moral church mem-
ber, but there had been no new birth I plunged

deeper into drink and dissipation of all forms, until the risk of dis-
covery by my friends in my home became so imminent and I was
so utterly reckless that I ran away from home in 1863 to enter the
army. I served to the end of the war and came out of it hardened,
callous and indifferent. Drink, profanity, cards and sinful amuse-
ments of the viler kind occupied my life until 1869. There was no
peace. There was a reckless defiance of any religious suggestion, a
willful pleasure in sinful enjoyments, resistance to the voice of the
Spirit, a mental and physical effort to shut God out of my life. In
1869 I tried to reform and joined the " Church of the Stranger."
For about three years I maintained a fairly moral condition by con-
stant struggles and self-efforts. I was regular in the perfunctory
duties of church membership, and active in various forms of be-
nevolent work in that church and in the Y. M. C. A., as Sunday
school teacher, etc. There was not then, and I knew it, any real
inner life, no spiritual joy, no love to the Master: it was a painful
forcing to religious duty, and not a spontaneous following of the
divine Voice and impulse. The end was a failure. . . . The house
had been swept and garnished and made ready for the seventy
devils that took possession.

From 1872 until 1886, with some intermission, I continued the life
of slavery to drink and all the grosser sins that go with it. For a
short period before and after my marriage in 1878, 1 reformed from
drinking, but there was no religious experience attending it. I did
try at intervals to stop drink by self-resolutions, promises, pledges,

only to fall back weaker and deeper down than before

I at last abandoned all efforts and let the tide rush as it would, in-
different to everything human or divine, and often tempted to
suicide. How I bless God for saving me! Oh, what love, what
wondrous love that saved such a sinner as I was!

PSYCHOLOGY OF KELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 379

When I got utterly hopeless, helpless, in the darkest despair,

when I felt the slavery of sin, its physical and

spiritual consequences, when I knew and realized that I was utterly
and forever lost, so that I dared not even pray, and yet there was
just the shadow of a wish, the faintest suggestion of a desire to be
free, then God raised up a human instrument. My employer put
me in the "Christian Home for Intemperate Men." I went there will-
ingly, gladly; I would have gone anywhere to get away from the
hell that was eating away my body and soul. I had not had any
special thought of seeking help by the gospel until I went there. I
first realized something of hope when I was told that the grace of
God alone could save me. I had of course a theoretical knowledge
of the plan of salvation, but my heart was dead to any special de-
sire for righteousness for Christ's sake. I wanted to escape from
the evil effects of my sins in my physical life, but I do not specially
recollect any desire to seek deliverance from all my sinful nature.
Conversion had no special meaning to me. I entered the home,
hoping that I would escape from drink, recover good health and
get back to my family. I spent two weeks in the home, from the 24th
of May to the 7th of June, under the quieting influences of religious

meetings and bodily and mental rest I did not make

any special effort towards conversion; I could not understand just
what faith meant. Yet I enjoyed the prayer meetings, read the
Bible, sung the hymns, prayed morning and night; but there was
no special sense of relief, or joy or peace. Conscience was blunt
in a great measure. In the hour spent with Manager C. A. Bunt-
ing, in his study, with the Bible before him, in the afternoon of
June 7th, 1886, 1 realized that I needed a power from outside of
myself, a power that could save. He offered me Christ's, and read
John Hi: 16, " Come unto me all ye that labor, etc.," and other
passages. He prayed, and I also. By every conscious effort of my
mind and will, I surrendered myself to the power of Jesus, taking
Him as my Saviour, trusting His word, and committing myself as
fully as it was possible by my volition, to Him. I fully realized that
I had no other source of hope for salvation except Him. Yet I be-
lieve that the thought was more to escape from the bondage of the
appetite for drink than from the whole sinful man. I know that
my heart was at rest, and I experienced a feeling of safety and relief
when I voluntarily made what I called " a full plunge," and com-
pletely surrendered to God's Grace. I think, however, that I
thought more about myself and my deliverance than about God or
His love. There was no convulsion of feeling, no tears, no bitter
agony. It was a simple quiet act of surrender, followed by a con-
sciousness of rest and peace, and a willingness to do and to be just
what God would have me. Mr. Bunting questioned me as to my
belief, and my answer was that I trusted all God's Word said. He
claimed salvation for me and told me that I had received it. I sim-
ply believed it. The thing I do know is, that so far as the appetite
for liquor, tobacco and other forms of vicious indulgence is* con-
cerned, it was taken completely away, and has never returned to
this moment, not even a suggestion or longing in the slightest de-
gree. " Old things passed away, and all things became new."

There was a gladness at the sense of release from bondage, and a
knowledge of a forgiveness of sin and of salvation. The condition
of mind, thought, body and soul may be described in one word-
peace I know also that there came into my heart an

intense desire for righteousness. I gradually became conscious of
the inward Voice, warning, teaching, guiding, making conscience
quick and tender.

380 LEUBA :

One of the first experiences I had was within a year of my ac-
ceptance of Jesus as my Saviour. At a meeting I offered myself
voluntarily for service to God. Quicker than thought the spirit
admonished me that I had wronged a man, and I must confess and
right that wrong. I had an awful struggle with myself for a year.
Every time I prayed, this thing would come up. I debated with
myself and with the Lord and tried to convince myself that I need
not do this. I saw no way out of it, nor how to make right the wrong,
as I was strapped with debts, and prospects were very gloomy.
. . . . God at last gave me the grace and courage to overcome
my pride and write to this man, one who had greatly helped me in
former years. I found a deeper peace and a greater gladness than
I ever had before. It confirmed my faith in the reality of God's
Word, Christ's work and my own conversion.

Moreover the Lord has abundantly fulfilled His promises in giv-
ing me wondrous prosperity and success, and enabling me to re-
store what I had wronged.

I have learned to look to Jesus as my righteousness and sancti-
fication. He delivers me from self-effort, struggle, unrest and
self-condemnation; it is simply a life of growth by constant
trust.

K. (Age seventy-three, converted at sixty-four. ]

I attended Sunday school irregularly. My heart went out to the
pleasures of this world, as far back as I can remember. The deeper
I drank of the sinful pleasures the more I loved them. I com-
menced drinking and smoking at about sixteen years of age. Later,
when my appetite got such a strong hold upon me, I endeavored to
reform in my own strength, but I always found it a miserable
failure, and then, how I would regret that I had fallen into those
sinful habits. Then I would sink back into despair, deeper and
deeper. I often wished I had never been born.

I got under conviction the first time I saw the Salvation Army
on a march. I was playing pool. I went to the door with the rest
of the men to see the Salvation Army. God sent an arrow of con-
viction to my soul, and for the first time I saw it as God sees it; O,
how vile and black my heart looked ! I thought that I would give the
whole world to become as good as those Salvation Army people. I
began attending their meetings in the opera house. The oftener I
went the more miserable I became; but I could not stay away —
there seemed to be some unseen power that forced me to go, and so
I went until I could endure it no longer. The night I went to the
altar it seemed to me that it was a last chance for me. I went to
the altar to give my heart to God, not a part, but every idol, my
time, my talents and all. I made a full surrender of everything,
and God*f or Christ's sake set my captive soul free. The chains of
hell were snapped, and I was a free man in Christ Jesus. My pen
fails me'to describe the joy that thrilled my soul as I received the
witness of the pardon of my sins. The world and all its charms,
which I loved so dearly a few moments before, had vanished, and
nothing but perfect love filled my soul to overflowing. I looked at
myself in astonishment and wonder ; my heart a little while before
I jjave it to God was full of wicked thoughts,— murder, hatred, de-
ceitfulness and pride, — and now all these things were cast out and
nothing but profound love had taken their place; how can a child of
God describe these feelings! I can truly say "the love of God
passes all understanding." Praise God!

At the time of my conversion my health was not first class. I
had lived in dissipation for over forty years.

PSYCHOLOGY OP RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 381

L. [Age fifty-four, converted at forty-four. Superintendent of a

Eescue Mission. ]

My parents were not professing Christians. I went to Sunday
school only as I took the notion, and that was very little.

When I was nearly eighteen years of age I went into the army.
There learned not only to drink, but all the mean and sinful things
that follow in its train. When I came out of the service I followed
the life of a sailor, and later that of a bar-tender. My life was one
continual round of dissipation. I had no desire for anything good,
only, at times, there would come a longing in my heart for some-
thing better. But it was soon over, and I would if possible go
deeper into sin. This continued for about twenty-six years, or
until I was forty-four years of age, when one day a lady came into
the place where I was selling liquor and asked for the privilege of
distributing tracts. I entered into conversation with her and be-
came interested to such an extent that I called on her. The result
was that I became sick of the business I was in, and gave it up.
But I did not have any desire to become a Christian at that time.
I still continued in sin until I felt that I would die if I kept on in the
same way. I did not realize that I was a sinner, only that I was a
drunkard. And I think my prayer was, " Oh Lord, take away this
appetite, I cannot do it myself." It had been a long time since I
had had a good night's sleep; but that night I slept well without any
stimulant. And I praise the dear Father that I have had no desire
to use them since. Ten days later I gave myself wholly to God as
far as I knew. But with me it has been a growth in grace. I was
very ignorant, knew nothing of God's Word, but He has led me on,
and to-day I have an assurance in my heart that I am saved by the
blood and kept by the dear Saviour.

I do not know whether I have made myself explicit, but one
thing I want to say: I believe that God took away the appetite for
drink that night when I asked Him; but I also believe that I was
not converted until some days after. I never have had that ecstasy
which some profess, but I have always had an assurance that I was
saved since I gave myself wholly to Him.

M. (Age thirty-three, converted at twenty- seven. A professional

base ball player.]

Parents were not Christians. I received very little Christian
education. I was an only child of parents in nice circumstances
and received a very good education. I was petted by my
parents. At the age of fifteen a religious wave swept over
the land. I rose for prayer at a meeting and soon began to
lead a different life, but did not continue over one year.
At the age of eighteen I left my home and soon began to drink
hard. Some years after, I married, but continued to drink and
blaspheme, and go to houses of ill-fame as before. I sought for
peace and satisfaction in almost every kind of worldly pleasure, but
could not find it. I traveled as a professional base ball player,
made a great deal of money, spent it, and deprived my wife ana
two boys God had given me. Soon after my marriage I became an
infidel; many of my relatives are such. As I saw myself drifting
down, and friends who at one time would have gladly recog-
nized and courted my company shunned me, I sometimes was al-
most at the point of asking God to forgive me and make me a bet-
ter man. I often tried to reform in my own strength; but at each
attempt I found I had less and less strength. I signed pledges,
made promises, and broke them as fast as I made them, until my
health was impaired, my intellect affected. I became a wreck,

382 LEUBA :

separated from wife and children. Poverty stared me in the face
almost ,always; sometimes I would sell a chair or a bit of jewelry to
keep the wolf from the door. For some time I was in the drink
business with my father. On an average I drank forty drinks of
whiskey a day, and I cannot tell how much beer, but it would not
make me drunk. I left that business and came to Passaic, where
my wife and children joined me. There I went in " good drinking
society " — business and sporting men. My wife by this time had
learned to take a glass, and my little children loved it. I sent them
daily to the saloon to buy it. I grew more and more morose and
gloomy at home;curses and kicks for the little ones were a daily oc-
currence. Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the first week of October,
1888, 1 drank very hard and was very cross to my wife and chil-
dren,but on the Sunday evening as I came home, I felt rather sorry
I had been so bad, and told my wife: "If you would like to go
home to Trenton on a visit, you can go." She went on the following
Monday morning. I slept at home. I had drunk nothing that
morning. At night I thought I would not go out, and so remained
in my house without drinking. Neither did I drink on Tuesday nor
Wednesday. I spent the evening at home. My mind was quiet,
and my health at the time very fair, having been without drink for
three days and nights. Wednesday I went to bed early; I felt
rather lonely on account of the absence of my wife and chil-
dren. The house was very quiet. I had not been in bed twenty
minutes before I became perfectly conscious of God on my right
hand; and all at once I felt the bed dropping, or it seemed so to
me; it was just the sensation a person experiences on going down
stairs. It seemed as if each step took me farther and farther away
from God, and nearer to hell. God spoke to me. (You must re-
member that I was at this time in open infidelity; I had not been
in church for ten years, and, for years, I had not had any Bible in
the house. I could not quote a verse of the Bible, except, perhaps,
" Jesus wept.") This night God spoke so distinctly that it seemed
I heard Hie voice. He said to me, " Thus far shalt thou go and no
further. You have despised Me and My Son. You have gone into
the ways of sin and death. Now you are guilty and condemned."
And as I lay on my back on the bed, it seemed as if every sin I had
committed came before me. God spoke again as at first and added :
" If you will turn to Me now, I will forgive you." I had not prayed
since I was a boy, except to say sometimes,"God help me." I did
not know what conversion meant, and never intended or expected
to be a Christian. God said," Get out of your bed, kneel down and
pray to Me"; but just at that moment it seemed as if the devil was
present; I felt I could touch him. He said, " Don't you do it, you
don't believe in God or His Son. Religion is only fit for a lot of
weak-minded women and children, but not for a man like you; be-
sides think of what every one will say." But God spoke again and
said, "Now is the time; if you will come to Me, I will forgive and
save you from going to hell." All the time the bed seemed to be
on its way down to the pit. I thought, "Well, now it is just below; "
I seemed almost to hear the devils shrieking; the very breath of the
pit seemed to be around me, but my mind was perfectly clear. God
said, "Get out of bed. kneel down and pray." I did not know how
to pray, but wanted to. And the devil spoke so clearly that it
seemed I could hear him a long way off: " Well, if you want to do
right, go ahead, that is all right, but do it in a manly way; give up
drinking and swearing, but don't asfcfGod to help and save you ;
you are so bad, He will not help you." O, what a liar he is! But
the good loving Father seemed to continue to wait at my bedside;

PSYCHOLOGY OP RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 383

and, I don't know at what time of night, I finally got out of bed and
fell on my knees, feeling that God was angry with me. I just said,
" O God, won't you have mercy on me?" Then I got up and went
to bed. and fell asleep. When I woke up the next morning I had
forgotten all that had happened during the night. As I was cross-
ing the street to go and get my breakfast, a voice said to me,
" Don't you remember what happened last night ? You had better
ask Me to help you out to-day." So I said, " Lord, please keep me
from drinking and swearing to-day, will You ?" and I went to my
work.

As I got out of bed the night before and knelt down, a vision came
to me: a number of stairs looking somewhat like a pyramid, and be-
tween each stair there was a passage of Scripture, such as "All have
sinned and come short of the glory of God " — " Him that eometh to
Me I will in no wise cast out," and many others,until it seemed as if
the stairs, with Bible promises, reached from earth to heaven,and at
the top I saw the blessed place, and God Himself sitting there, O,
how miserable I felt. This vision continued with me until the fol-
lowing Monday night; during that time, day and night, I saw my-
self a poor, wretched, hell -deserving sinner; for I had defied the
loving God to His face. It seemed as if every sin I had ever com-
mitted was constantly before me. That Monday night, as I was on
my knees, all alone in the house, there seemed to flash instantly a
light surpassing the light of the brightest sun. I was conscious of
the presence of Him whom I had insulted, rejected and crucified.
My whole being seemed to melt, and I heard Him speak words that
at that time I did not know were in the Bible . He said, " Son,thy sins
which are many are all forgiven thee." It seemed as if I saw Him;
I felt the joys of the ransomed in the beautiful City of God. It
seemed as if Jesus Himself had come into my body and took full
possession of me. I did not know, though, that I was saved, as we
call it now; but I knew God had had mercy on me. I felt, and
knew, I was a different man. It seemed as if the birds sang sweeter,
the sky looked bluer. Everything about me praised God, and a
sweet sense of His presence was with me. I had such a horror of
the old life that it seemed I must obey God in everything. . . .
I have never gone back to old ways and habits; I have been kept
by the power of God alone. To Him be all the glory.

[ He began then to warn his associates, and to speak to them of
the love of Jesus.]

Some ten or twelve months after, my wife, a Roman Catholic, was
converted, and our home changed from hell to heaven.

In our work here we have some cases of drunkards converted
without the influence of the Christian religion, directly awakened
by the Spirit of God.

O. [Age forty-four, converted in 1883. A business man.]

Born of Christian parents belonging to the Lutheran church. At
the age of sixteen he passed through a " religious experience."
At about eighteen became a commercial traveler and fell away
from his former good conduct. He began to drink, and from time
to time would get drunk. Many times he made pledges to abstain
from alcoholic beverages, but broke them after a few days or, at
most, two weeks of abstinence. For fourteen years he went on that
way, though never falling to the rank of the habitual drunkard.
He was not happy; his conscience reproached him with the slavery
under which he had sunk. Often he formed resolutions to over-
come this humiliating and degrading habit, and every time passion
had the best of his determination.

384 LEUBA :

One Sunday, in Louisville, having company, he remained until
1 a. m., drinking and singing. When left alone he lay on his bed
full of shame at the thought that he had once more degraded him-
self. During the evening they had sung some hymns; now they
came back with a crowd of memories of home. He was deeply
stirred and promised God that he would never touch another glass
of liquor. What distinguished this crisis from the former was the
profound conviction of his powerlessness. Until then he had never
lost confidence in his ability to overcome his passion; this time he
felt that he " could not break it off." He had no thought of Christ,
or of any Christian doctrine. He felt utterly defeated and threw
himself on the mercy of God for deliverance, ready to do whatever
He should command.

On Monday he had no desire to drink, and since that night no
liquor has ever entered his mouth. Since that day he has not had
to surmount strong temptations.

The following year he joined a temperance association, and later
became president of a large " reform club."

[Written from detailed notes taken while the person was giving
me an account of his conversion. I have .kept his own expres-
sions as far as possible.]

P. [ Converted at seventeen. A New York merchant.]

He was from his youth surrounded by Christian, influences and
maintained a pure life.

" When I was seventeen [in 1886] the evangelist, D. L. Moody,
was holding a series of meetings in Brooklyn. A friend of mine,
member of the Y. M.C. A., told me of the work he was doing in con-
nection with these meetings [visiting, distributing cards, and the
like]. I became interested and wanted to go and see. During the
week preceding the meeting in which I was converted, I had
premonition that a great change was coming. I had a very clear
and vivid idea of sin. Many times I tossed in bed and kept awake,
afraid of the judgment. I knew I would be lost. The strongest in-
fluence that drove me to give myself to God was the thought of the
judgment itself, not the fear of punishment. I felt that I had no
answer ready; my mind did not go further. For about a year
before conversion I had been disturbed in mind and desired to be
converted. During the week I speak of, I felt hopeful, while before
I thought there was no hope of my being converted. I could not
account for that hope. I began to feel more at peace. I think
that this was due to somebody who, as I learned afterwards, was at
the time praying for me. At the meeting the text was, ' la the
young man Absalom safe ?' It seemed to fit my case. It became
clear to me during the meeting that all hope was gone; the thought
uppermost in my mind then was that I could never get salvation.' "
[ See continuation, pp. 334 and 335.]

"Since that day I never let a night pass without squaring ac-
counts with the Lord."

[ Taken down as near as possible as verbally given me by the
person himself.]

Q. [ S. H. Hadley, superintendent of the old Jerry McAuley Water

Street Mission, New York.]

" I gave up my studies, took a traveling posi-
tion, became a professional gambler, and for fifteen years rarely
went to bed sober." He finally lost his position. "One Tuesday
evening, on the 18th of April, 1882, 1 sat in a saloon in Harlem, a
homeless, friendless, dying drunkard. I had pawned or sold every-

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA. 385

thing that would bring a drink. ... I had not eaten for days,
and for four nights preceding I had suffered with delirium tremens.
As I sat there thinking, I seemed to feel some great and mighty-
presence. I did not know then what it was. I did learn afterwards
that it was Jesus, the sinner's Friend. I walked up to the bar and
pounded it with my fist until I made the glasses rattle. I said I
would never take another drink if I died in the street. . . . Some-
thing said, ' If you want to keep that promise go and have yourself
locked up . ' I went to the nearest station house and had myself locked
up." In his cell he felt the impulse to pray and prayed. The fol-
lowing day he went to the home of his brother, and in the evening
attended a meeting at the Jerry McAuley Mission. [ For the con-
clusion see pp. 331 and 332.]

The conversion of President Jonathan Edwards, of the Rev. John
H. Livingston and of Mrs. Eleanor Emerson have been published
by the American Tract Society.

For John B. Gough's case, see his "Autobiograpy."

For Colonel James Gardiner's conversion, see his "Biography" by
P. Doddridge, D. D.

For that of the Rev. Mr. Jeremiah Hallock and of the Rev. Mr.
A. Nettleton, D. D., see their respective Memoirs.

For that of the Rev. J. O. Peck (case D.), see quarter centennial
sermon, delivered by him in Brooklyn, October 21st, 1883.